Global agriculture data

The Suite of Food Security Indicators presents the core set of food security indicators. Following the recommendation of experts gathered in the Committee on World Food Security (CFS) Round Table on hunger measurement, hosted at FAO headquarters in September 2011, an initial set of indicators aiming to capture various aspects of food insecurity is presented here. The choice of the indicators has been informed by expert judgement and the availability of data with sufficient coverage to enable comparisons across regions and over time. Many of these indicators are produced and published elsewhere by FAO and other international organizations. They are reported here in a single database with the aim of building a wide food security information system. More indicators will be added to this set as more data will become available. Indicators are classified along the four dimensions of food security -- availability, access, utilization and stability.

Food Balance Sheet presents a comprehensive picture of the pattern of a country's food supply during a specified reference period. The food balance sheet shows for each food item - i.e. each primary commodity and a number of processed commodities potentially available for human consumption - the sources of supply and its utilization. The total quantity of foodstuffs produced in a country added to the total quantity imported and adjusted to any change in stocks that may have occurred since the beginning of the reference period gives the supply available during that period. On the utilization side a distinction is made between the quantities exported, fed to livestock, used for seed, put to manufacture for food use and non-food uses, losses during storage and transportation, and food supplies available for human consumption. The per caput supply of each such food item available for human consumption is then obtained by dividing the respective quantity by the related data on the population actually partaking of it. Data on per caput food supplies are expressed in terms of quantity and - by applying appropriate food composition factors for all primary and processed products - also in terms of caloric value and protein and fat content.

The Livestock Manure domain of FAOSTAT contains estimates of nitrogen (N) inputs to agricultural soils from livestock manure. Data on the N losses to air and water are also disseminated. These estimates are compiled using official FAOSTAT statistics of animal stocks and by applying the internationally approved Guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Data are available by country, with global coverage and updated annually.The following elements are disseminated: 1) Stocks; 2) Amount excreted in manure (N content); 3) Manure left on pasture (N content); 4) Manure left on pasture that volatilises (N content); 5) Manure left on pasture that leaches (N content); 6) Manure treated (N content); 7) Losses from manure treated (N content); 8) Manure applied to soils (N content); 9) Manure applied to soils that volatilises (N content); 10) Manure applied to soils that leaches (N content).

The NASA Making Earth System Data Records for Use in Research Environments (MEaSUREs) Global Food Security-support Analysis Data (GFSAD) data product provides cropland extent data of the globe for nominal year 2015 at 30 meter resolution. The monitoring of global cropland extent is critical for policymaking and provides important baseline data that are used in many agricultural cropland studies pertaining to water sustainability and food security. The GFSAD30 Validation (GFSAD30VAL) data product provides a thorough and independent accuracy assessment and validation of the cropland extent products produced for each of the seven regions. The accuracy assessment and validation process utilizes a cluster of 3 by 3 pixels of 30 meter data to resample the product to 90 meter resolution. Each GFSAD30VAL shapefile contains information on sample locations, presence of cropland or no cropland, and the zones that were randomly selected for accuracy assessment across the globe. Known Issues * Known issues, including constraints and limitations, are provided on page 18 of the ATBD.

FDI is an investment which aims to acquire a lasting management influence (10 percent or more of the voting stock) in an enterprise operating in a foreign economy. FDI may be undertaken by individuals, as well as business entities. The foreign direct investor most often is aiming to gain access to natural resources, to markets, to labour supply, to technology, to ensure security of supplies or to control the quality of a certain product. FDI can be decomposed into two types of investments: mergers and acquisitions (MA) and greenfield investments. The latter type results in the creation of new entities and the setting up of offices, buildings, plants or factories from scratch in a foreign economy. FDI is the sum of equity capital, reinvested earnings and other FDI capital. Equity capital comprises equity in branches, all shares in subsidiaries and associates (except non-participating, preferred shares that are treated as debt securities and are included under other FDI capital) and other contributions such as the provision of machinery. Reinvested earnings consist of the direct investor's share (in proportion to equity participation) of earnings not distributed by the direct investment enterprise. Other FDI capital (loans) includes the borrowing and lending of funds, including debt securities and trade credits between direct investors and direct investment enterprises. FDI inflows and outflows are important for tracking the direct investment conditions each year. Outward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows record the value of cross-border direct investment transactions from the reporting economy during a year. It represents transactions affecting the investment in enterprises resident abroad. Whereas, Inward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows record the value of cross-border direct investment transactions received by the reporting economy during a year. It represents transactions affecting the investment in enterprises of a specific industry resident in the reporting economy.

Supply utilization accounts (SUA) present a comprehensive picture of the pattern of a country's food supply during a specified reference period. The total quantity of foodstuffs produced in a country added to the total quantity imported and adjusted to any change in stocks that may have occurred since the beginning of the reference period gives the supply available during that period. On the utilization side a distinction is made between the quantities exported, fed to livestock, used for seed, put to manufacture for food use and non-food uses, losses during storage and transportation, and food supplies available for human consumption. The per caput supply of each such food item available for human consumption is then obtained by dividing the respective quantity by the related data on the population actually partaking of it. Data on per caput food supplies are expressed in terms of quantity and - by applying appropriate food composition factors for all primary and processed products - also in terms of caloric value and protein and fat content.

Food Balance Sheet presents a comprehensive picture of the pattern of a country's food supply during a specified reference period. The food balance sheet shows for each food item - i.e. each primary commodity and a number of processed commodities potentially available for human consumption - the sources of supply and its utilization. The total quantity of foodstuffs produced in a country added to the total quantity imported and adjusted to any change in stocks that may have occurred since the beginning of the reference period gives the supply available during that period. On the utilization side a distinction is made between the quantities exported, fed to livestock, used for seed, put to manufacture for food use and non-food uses, losses during storage and transportation, and food supplies available for human consumption. The per caput supply of each such food item available for human consumption is then obtained by dividing the respective quantity by the related data on the population actually partaking of it. Data on per caput food supplies are expressed in terms of quantity and - by applying appropriate food composition factors for all primary and processed products - also in terms of caloric value and protein and fat content.

Global Map of Irrigation Areas - Version 5 Grid with percentage of area equipped for irrigation with a spatial resolution of 5 arc minutes or 0.083333 decimal degrees. This dataset is developed in the framework of the AQUASTAT Programme of the Land and Water Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhems University, Germany. The map shows the amount of area equipped for irrigation around the year 2005 in percentage of the total area on a raster with a resolution of 5 minutes. Additional map layers show the percentage of the area equipped for irrigation that was actually used for irrigation and the percentages of the area equipped for irrigation that was irrigated with groundwater, surface water or non-conventional sources of water. In details, the following products have been released and made available for download: - Area equipped for irrigation expressed as percentage of total area: total=aei, surface water=aeisw, groundwater=aeigw, non-conventional sources of water=aeinc (ASCII-grid); - Area actually irrigated expressed as percentage of area equipped for irrigation (ASCII-grid); - Area equipped for irrigation expressed in hectares per cell (ASCII-grid); - Irrigated areas v.5 (ESRI shapefile); - High and low resolution images (PDF); - Quality Assessment (Excel) Due to the map generation method, the quality of the map can never be uniform. The overall quality of the map depends heavily on the individual quality of the data for the different countries. **Data revision:** 2013-10-07 **Supplemental Information:** The maps are generated as a grid with a cellsize of 5 arc minutes. For the GIS-users the maps are distributed in two different formats: as a zipped ASCII-grid that can be easily imported in most GIS-software that support rasters or grids; and, to accommodate people who use GIS-software that doesn't support rasters or grids, as a zipped ESRI shape file. The non-GIS-users can download the map as PDF-file in two different resolutions. **Citation:** Users are requested to refer to the map as follows: "Stefan Siebert, Verena Henrich, Karen Frenken and Jacob Burke (2013). Global Map of Irrigation Areas version 5. Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy". **Contact points:** Metadata Contact: [AQUASTAT](mailto:aquastat@fao.org) **Data lineage:** Due to the map generation method, the quality of the map can never be uniform. The overall quality of the map depends heavily on the individual quality of the data for the different countries. **Resource constraints:** This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY-4.0) **Online resources:** Global Map of Irrigation Areas (GMIA) on the AQUASTAT website Download - Global area equipped for irrigation expressed as percentage of total area - Raster (ASCII-grid, 2.3 MB) Download - Global area equipped for irrigation expressed in hectares per cell - Raster (ASCII-grid, 2.3 MB) Download - Global Map of Irrigation Areas v.5 - Vector (ESRI shapefile, 4 MB) Download - Global Map of Irrigation Areas v.5 - All files Download - Global Map of Irrigation Areas v.5 - High resolution image (PDF, 3.1 MB) Download - Global Map of Irrigation Areas v.5 - Low resolution image (PDF, 0.9 MB)

The FAOSTAT Fertilizers trade matrix domain contains information on bilateral trade in terms of nutrient tonnes for the three main plant nutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (expressed as P2O5), and potassium (expressed as K2O). It also provides data in tonnes of products and nutrients for various fertilizer products

This domain contains data on three food value measures, namely: (1) Food At Home (FAH); (2) Food and Tobacco at Home (FTAH); (3) Food and Accommodation Away From Home (FAAFH), disaggregated by four primary factors (Operating Surplus, Labor, Taxes, Imports) and by five food value chain industries (Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing; Manufacture of food, beverages and tobacco products; Transportation and storage; Wholesale and retail trade; Accommodation and food service activities). The three food value measures differ for the bundle of goods and services they account for. In particular, the FAH refers to domestic expenditures of personal consumption for food consumed at home, at purchaser prices. The FTAH measure is similar in its target, but it refers to a broader set of economic goods, inclusive of tobacco, as food and tobacco expenditures are not always separable in the original data. On the other side, the FAAFH refers to domestic expenditures of personal consumption for food consumed away from home (e.g. in restaurants), at purchaser prices, and it also includes expenditures for accommodation in all the cases where the two types of expenditures were not separable in the original data. The values of industry decomposition measure the food production value-added distribution across different industries and factors involved in the agri-food value chain. All these estimates are based on Leontief Input Ouput modeling and Industry reduction method. The Food Value Chain domain aims to supply informaiton relevant for the SDG 12 - sustainable consumption and production patterns, SDG 2 - zero hunger and SDG 1 - no poverty, that constitue guiding SDGs in the FAO Strategic Framework 2022-2031 and its better production pillar. More in general they may inform national, regional and global food policy, including measures in the World Food Summit framework. Data are collected from national Supply and Use Tables (SUTs) and Industry by Industry Input Output tables (IOTs), via OECD database or NSOs. All input data are in line with the System of National Accounts (SNA) and main international classifications and standards related to environmental-economic accounting (respectively the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, SEEA AFF, and the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, ISIC).

Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded.

The database contains data on the production and trade in roundwood and in primary wood and paper products for all countries and territories in the world.The main types of primary forest products included in this database are roundwood, sawnwood, wood-based panels, pulp, and paper and paperboard. These products are detailed further and defined in the Joint Forest Sector Questionnaire (JFSQ) (https://www.fao.org/statistics/data-collection/forestry/en). The database contains details of the following topics: - roundwood removals (production) by coniferous and non-coniferous wood and assortments, - production and trade in industrial roundwood, sawnwood, wood-based panels, wood charcoal, pulp, paper and paperboard, and other products. More detailed information on wood products, including definitions, can be found at: https://www.fao.org/statistics/data-collection/forestry/en

The dataset presents average daily per capita macro and micro nutrient availability by country and by FAO/WHO GIFT food groups (that are different from those used for the Food Balance Sheets), expressed in grams/milligrams/micrograms/kcal per capita per day. The population numbers used to calculate these statistics can be found in the Supply Utilization Accounts (SUA) dataset of FAOSTAT, as Total Population. Food availability quantities are derived from the SUA dataset. SUAs present a comprehensive picture of the pattern of a country's food supply and utilization during a specified reference period. The SUA shows for each food item - i.e. each primary commodity and a number of processed commodities potentially available for human consumption - the sources of supply and its utilization. The total quantity of foodstuffs produced in a country added to the total quantity imported and adjusted to any change in stocks that may have occurred since the beginning of the reference period gives the supply available during that period. On the utilization side a distinction is made between the quantities exported, fed to livestock, used for seed, put to manufacture for food use and non-food uses, losses during storage and transportation, and food supplies available for human consumption. The per capita supply of each such food item available for human consumption is then obtained by dividing the respective quantity by the related data on the population actually partaking of it.

The FAOSTAT monthly Food CPI and General CPI database was based on the ILO CPI data until December 2014. In 2014, IMF-ILO-FAO agreed to transfer global CPI data compilation from ILO to IMF. Upon agreement, CPIs for all items and its subcomponents originates from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the UN Statistics Division (UNSD) for countries not covered by the IMF. However, due to a limited time coverage from IMF and UNSD for a number of countries, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Central Bank of Western African States (BCEAO), Eastern Caribbean Central Bank (ECCB), UNdata, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the national statistics offices websites databases are used for filling the missing data of Food and General CPI. The FAO CPI dataset for all items (or General CPI) and the Food CPI, consists of a complete and consistent set of time series from January 2000 onwards. Data gaps on monthly Food CPI and General CPI are filled using statistical estimation procedures to have full data coverage for all countries for Food CPI and for General CPI. These indices measure the price change between the current and reference periods of the average basket of goods and services purchased by households. The General CPI is typically used to measure and monitor inflation, set monetary policy targets, index social benefits such as pensions and unemployment benefits, and to escalate thresholds and credits in the income tax systems and wages in public and private wage contracts. The FAOSTAT monthly Food CPI inflation rates are annual year-over-year inflation or percentage change over corresponding month of the previous year. The regional and subregional Food and General CPI, and the aggregated Food and General CPI at the different income levels (High-income economies, Low-income economies, Lower-middle-income economies and Upper-middle-income economies) are calculated using two different statistical methods: 1- A weighted average of Food and General CPI values of countries and territories within each region using the weights of Household final consumption expenditure (including non-profit institutions serving households) in 2015 in USD at constant prices of 2015. Household final consumption expenditure is available at https://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama 2- Median of Food and General CPI values of countries and territories within each region. The Food CPI inflation rates for regional, subregional, and income groups are calculated by first computing, at the country level, the monthly percentage change between two consecutive years. These country-level inflation rates are then aggregated to the group level using two alternative methods: the median and the weighted average, whose weights are based on household final consumption expenditure at 2015 constant prices.

Annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. Withdrawals for agriculture are total withdrawals for irrigation and livestock production. Data are for the most recent year available for 1987-2002.

Total fisheries production measures the volume of aquatic species caught by a country for all commercial, industrial, recreational and subsistence purposes. The harvest from mariculture, aquaculture and other kinds of fish farming is also included.

Aquaculture is understood to mean the farming of aquatic organisms including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants. Aquaculture production specifically refers to output from aquaculture activities, which are designated for final harvest for consumption.

Net official flows from UN agencies are the net disbursements of total official flows from the UN agencies. Total official flows are the sum of Official Development Assistance (ODA) or official aid and Other Official Flows (OOF) and represent the total disbursements by the official sector at large to the recipient country. Net disbursements are gross disbursements of grants and loans minus repayments of principal on earlier loans. ODA consists of loans made on concessional terms (with a grant element of at least 25 percent, calculated at a rate of discount of 10 percent) and grants made to promote economic development and welfare in countries and territories in the DAC list of ODA recipients. Official aid refers to aid flows from official donors to countries and territories in part II of the DAC list of recipients: more advanced countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the countries of the former Soviet Union, and certain advanced developing countries and territories. Official aid is provided under terms and conditions similar to those for ODA. Part II of the DAC List was abolished in 2005. The collection of data on official aid and other resource flows to Part II countries ended with 2004 data. OOF are transactions by the official sector whose main objective is other than development-motivated, or, if development-motivated, whose grant element is below the 25 per cent threshold which would make them eligible to be recorded as ODA. The main classes of transactions included here are official export credits, official sector equity and portfolio investment, and debt reorganization undertaken by the official sector at nonconcessional terms (irrespective of the nature or the identity of the original creditor). UN agencies are United Nations includes the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), World Food Programme (WFP), International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), United Nations Development Programme(UNDP), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR), Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), United Nations Regular Programme for Technical Assistance (UNTA), United Nations Peacebuilding Fund (UNPBF), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), International Labour Organization (ILO), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR). Data are in current U.S. dollars.

The Landsat-Derived Global Irrigated-Cropland Product Level 1 2020 (LGRIP30_L1_IRRI) Version 2 data provides high-resolution, 30 meter (m) cropland data to assist and address food and water security issues of the twenty-first century. As an extension of the Global Food Security-support Analysis Data (GFSAD) project, LGRIP_L1_IRRI V2 maps agricultural lands by dividing them into 32 irrigated cropland types and calculates applicable cropland areas across the globe. LGRIP data are produced using Landsat 8 time-series satellite sensor data for the 2019 through 2021 time period to create a nominal 2020 product. Each LGRIP30 L1 V2 Irrigated 30 m resolution GeoTIFF file contains a layer that identifies areas of irrigated cropland (cropland that had at least one irrigation during the crop growing period) divided into 32 types, non-irrigated land (rainfed cropland and areas not classified as cropland), and water bodies over a 10° by 10° area, as well as an accuracy assessment of the product. A low-resolution browse image is also included. Currently, LGRIP30 V2 products contain data only for the conterminous United States (CONUS). LGRIP30 V2 data covering the rest of the globe will be added at a later date.

The Fertilizers by Product dataset contains information on the Production, Trade and Agriculture Use of inorganic (chemical or mineral) fertilizers products. The fertilizer statistics data are for a set of 23 product categories. Both straight and compound fertilizers are included. Methodological details can be found at: https://files-faostat.fao.org/production/RFB/RFB_EN_README.pdf

The Fertilizer archive dataset contains information on the Production, Trade and Consumption of chemical and mineral fertilizers products, both in total nutrients and in amount of product, over the time series 1961 to 2002. The dataset also contains data on Prices paid by farmers expressed in local currencies (as a consequence no country aggregates are available) for single fertilizer products. This dataset is an archive and it is disseminated as it was in the previous FAOSTAT System. No dataset updates made or to be made in the future.

The domain provides detailed data on the value of agricultural production that is calculated by the agricultural production data and the price data at farm gate. Thus, the value of production measures the agricultural production in monetary terms at the farm gate level.

The Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W) statistics presented here were compiled by FAO's ESN Nutrition Assessment Team from various sources, including the Demographic and Health Survey Program (DHS), Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), the World Bank's Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS), Comprehensive Food Security & Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA), and retroactively computed from national surveys available in the FAO/WHO GIFT platform (https://www.fao.org/gift-individual-food-consumption/en). DHS, MICS, LSMS, CFSVA, and national surveys collect information on food consumption among women of reproductive age (15 to 49 years old) during the previous 24 hours. The characteristics of these surveys, particularly their sample size, allow reporting this data at a high level of disaggregation. The data reported here are therefore more disaggregated and complementary to the full MDD-W dataset presented in the FAOSTAT Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Indicators domain (https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/SDGB). The MDD-W indicator is also produced and published elsewhere by other international organizations and national governments. MDD-W statistics are reported here in a single database with the aim of building a comprehensive dietary data information system.

The FAOSTAT domain on Emissions from Energy use in agriculture contains data on energy used in agriculture (including forestry, aquaculture and fisheries), for instance to operate machinery, irrigate, heat stables, operate aquaculture ponds and fishing vessels, and related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It also includes on-farm use of, and related GHG emissions from, electricity and heat generated off-farm. Data are available by country and regional groups with global coverage and are updated annually.

The FAOSTAT domain on Emissions from Fires consists of estimates of methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions generated from biomass burning in a range of vegetation types and from fires in organic soils.

The FAOSTAT domain on Emissions from Forests consists of CO2 emissions and removals corresponding to forest carbon stock changes (aboveground and belowground living biomass). Estimates are computed following the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC, 2006).

The database contains data on the bilateral trade flows in roundwood, primary wood and paper products for all countries and territories in the world. The main types of primary forest products included in are: roundwood, sawnwood, wood-based panels, pulp, and paper and paperboard. These products are detailed further. The definitions are available. More detailed information on wood products, including definitions, can be found at: https://www.fao.org/forestry/statistics/80572/en/

The quantitative food consumption and nutrient intake statistics were computed by the Food and Nutrition Division (ESN) from representative individual quantitative dietary data available in the FAO/WHO GIFT platform (https://www.fao.org/gift-individual-food-consumption/en). The individual quantitative dietary data is collected through 24-hour recalls or food records, including detailed information on all foods and beverages actually consumed by individuals, at-home and away from home, in a reference period (usually the past 24 hours). Individual quantitative dietary data have the unique benefit to provide sex-age disaggregated detailed information to develop targeted agricultural-, nutrition- and food-related evidence-based policies and programs, food based dietary guidelines, food fortification programs and to study diet-disease associations. Individual quantitative dietary data are also essential for dietary exposure assessments in the area of food safety and have been used for a variety of other purposes such as estimating the environmental impact of diets and identifying less resource-intensive food consumption patterns.

The Cropland Nutrient balance domain contains information on the flows of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium from mineral fertilizer, manure applied, atmospheric deposition, crop removal, and biological fixation over cropland and per unit area of cropland. The flows are aggregated to total inputs and total outputs, from which the overall nutrient balance and nutrient use efficiency on cropland are calculated. Statistics are disseminated in units of tonnes and in kg/ha, as appropriate. Nutrient use efficiency is expressed as a fraction (%).

The FAOSTAT domain on Emissions indicators disseminates indicators on sectoral shares of total national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as well as three indicators of emissions intensity: per capita emissions; emissions per value of agricultural production; and emissions per area of agricultural land.

The Livestock Patterns domain of FAOSTAT contains data on livestock numbers, shares of major livestock species and densities of livestock units in the agricultural land area. Values are calculated using Livestock Units (LSU), which facilitate aggregating information for different livestock types. Data are available by country, with global coverage, for the period 1961 to the most recent year available with annual updates. This methodology applies the LSU coefficients reported in the "Guidelines for the preparation of livestock sector reviews" (FAO, 2011). From this publication, LSU coefficients are computed by livestock type and by country. The reference unit used for the calculation of livestock units (=1 LSU) is the grazing equivalent of one adult dairy cow producing 3000 kg of milk annually, fed without additional concentrated foodstuffs. FAOSTAT agri-environmental indicators on livestock patterns closely follow the structure of the indicators in EUROSTAT.

The Development Flows to Agriculture (DFA) republishes the OECD Creditor Reporting System (CRS) Aid Activity database, which provides comprehensive data on development flows from all donors to all recipients since the early 1970s. The use of CRS for compiling the DFA dataset capitalizes on the expertise of the OECD in this area, while minimizing respondents’ burden and avoiding duplication of efforts. FAO extracts components of Agriculture, forestry and fishing; rural development; agricultural industry; and general environment protection, and reorganizes these into a set of donor-recipient-purpose in terms of four flow types (Official Development Assistance (ODA) flows; Other Official Flows (OOF); private grants; and private sector instruments (PSI)). The objective of the DFA database is to provide readily available data to enable analysis on aid flows and the purposes they serve, with an emphasis on agriculture, its components, and environmental protection.

Commodity balances (CB) present a comprehensive picture of the pattern of a country's non-food supply during a specified reference period.

Indicators on the cost and affordability of a healthy diet (CoAHD) are estimated in each country and show the population’s physical and economic access to least expensive locally available foods to meet requirements for a healthy diet, as defined in food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs). The indicators use observed retail food consumer prices and income distributions to provide an operational measure of people’s access to locally available foods in the proportions needed for health. These indicators support efforts within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture by 2030 (SDG 2). They also support the monitoring of progress towards the objective of transforming agrifood systems by promoting “nutrition-sensitive agriculture”. FAO, in partnership with the Food Price for Nutrition of the World Bank, produces and reports the CoAHD indicators.

Fertilizer consumption measures the quantity of plant nutrients and is calculated as production plus imports minus exports. Fertilizer products cover nitrogenous, potash, and phosphate fertilizers (including ground rock phosphate). Traditional nutrients--animal and plant manures--are not included. Because some chemical compounds used for fertilizers have other industrial applications, the consumption data may overstate the quantity available for crops. Fertilizer consumption as a share of production shows the agriculture sector's vulnerability to import and energy price fluctuation. Most fertilizers that are commonly used in agriculture contain the three basic plant nutrients-nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Some fertilizers also contain certain micronutrients such as zinc and other metals that are necessary for plant growth. Materials that are applied to the land primarily to enhance soil characteristics (rather than as plant food) are commonly referred to as soil amendments.

Crop cover: areas where crop cover is above 30%. Pixels with a value higher than the specified threshold (30%) were given a value of 1 (YES response) The Dynamic Land Cover map at 100 m resolution (CGLS-LC100) is a new product in the portfolio of the CGLS and delivers a global land cover map at 100 m spatial resolution. The CGLS Land Cover product provides a primary land cover scheme. Next to these discrete classes, the product also includes continuous field layers for all basic land cover classes that provide proportional estimates for vegetation/ground cover for the land cover types. This continuous classification scheme may depict areas of heterogeneous land cover better than the standard classification scheme and, as such, can be tailored for application use (e.g. forest monitoring, crop monitoring, biodiversity and conservation, monitoring environment and security in Africa, climate modelling, etc.). These consistent Land Cover maps (v3.0.1) are provided for the period 2015-2019 over the entire Globe, derived from the PROBA-V 100 m time-series, a database of high quality land cover training sites and several ancillary datasets, reaching an accuracy of 80% at Level1 over all years. It is planned to provide yearly updates from 2020 through the use of a Sentinel time-series. **Data revision:** 2021-12-14 **Contact points:** Contact: [Marcel Buchhorn](mailto:marcel.buchhorn@vito.be) Remote Sensing Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research Metadata contact: [OCB Environment](mailto:OCB-Environment-List@fao.org) FAO-UN **Resource constraints:** - The dataset contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2005-2019]; - Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains. More information on Copernicus License in PDF version at https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/api/v2/terms/static/licence-to-use-copernicus-products.pdf **Online resources:** Copernicus Global Land Cover Layers