Global environment data

A measure of annual emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), one of the six Kyoto greenhouse gases (GHG), from fugitive emissions (subsector of the energy sector) including IPCC 2006 codes 1.A.1.bc Petroleum Refining - Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries, 1.B.1 Solid Fuels, 1.B.2 Oil and Natural Gas, 5.B. The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5).

Contains data from the National Flood Hazard Layer, a GIS database of flood risks and regulatory flood determination data.

Land area is a country's total area, excluding area under inland water bodies, national claims to continental shelf, and exclusive economic zones. In most cases the definition of inland water bodies includes major rivers and lakes.

FEMA REST API for National Flood Hazard Layer (https://hazards.fema.gov/arcgis/rest/services/FIRMette/NFHLREST_FIRMette/MapServer) Includes all standard NFHL layers: Flood Hazard Zones (what you care about) Floodways Base Flood Elevations FIRM panels, LOMRs, etc. [hazards.fema.gov] S_FLD_HAZ_AR (polygon flood zones) Field of interest: FLD_ZONE (AE, X, VE, etc.) ZONE_SUBTY (floodway vs SFHA nuance)

This data is from Darthmouth Flood Observatory (DFO) Global Active Archive of Large Flood Events. It contains more than 4000 records of flooding events globally from 1985 - 2010.

Percent of population exposed to ambient concentrations of PM2.5 that exceed the World Health Organization (WHO) Interim Target 2 (IT-2) is defined as the portion of a country’s population living in places where mean annual concentrations of PM2.5 are greater than 25 micrograms per cubic meter. The Air Quality Guideline (AQG) of 10 micrograms per cubic meter is recommended by the WHO as the lower end of the range of concentrations over which adverse health effects due to PM2.5 exposure have been observed.

Bulk density of the whole soil including coarse fragments, equilibrated at 33 kPa (kg/dm³). WoSIS_latest is a 'dynamic dataset' that contains the most recent complement of quality-assessed and standardised soil data served from WoSIS (ISRIC World Soil Information Service). The source data were shared by a wide range of data providers (see: https://www.isric.org/explore/wosis/wosis-contributing-institutions-and-experts). Being dynamic, the contents of 'wosis_latest' will change once new point data are acquired, cleansed and standardised, additional soil properties are considered, and/or when possible amendments are required. Static snapshots of 'wosis_latest' are released at irregular intervals for consistent citation purposes and to discuss methodological changes; the last snapshot is available at https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4735-2024. For general information about WoSIS please see the FAQ-page at https://www.isric.org/explore/wosis/faq-wosis.

Contains data from the National Flood Hazard Layer, a GIS database of flood risks and regulatory flood determination data.

Net flux of carbon dioxide (CO2) from Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry LULUCF, excluding non-tropical fires at the country level.

NFHL, R2

Bulk density of the whole soil including coarse fragments, air dried (kg/dm³). WoSIS_latest is a 'dynamic dataset' that contains the most recent complement of quality-assessed and standardised soil data served from WoSIS (ISRIC World Soil Information Service). The source data were shared by a wide range of data providers (see: https://www.isric.org/explore/wosis/wosis-contributing-institutions-and-experts). Being dynamic, the contents of 'wosis_latest' will change once new point data are acquired, cleansed and standardised, additional soil properties are considered, and/or when possible amendments are required. Static snapshots of 'wosis_latest' are released at irregular intervals for consistent citation purposes and to discuss methodological changes; the last snapshot is available at https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4735-2024. For general information about WoSIS please see the FAQ-page at https://www.isric.org/explore/wosis/faq-wosis.

The Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) instrument measures surface mineralogy, targeting the Earth’s arid dust source regions. EMIT is installed on the International Space Station. EMIT uses imaging spectroscopy to take measurements of sunlit regions of interest between 52° N latitude and 52° S latitude. An interactive map showing the regions being investigated, current and forecasted data coverage, and additional data resources can be found on the VSWIR Imaging Spectroscopy Interface for Open Science (VISIONS) EMIT Open Data Portal. In addition to its primary objective described above, EMIT has demonstrated the capacity to characterize methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) point-source emissions by measuring gas absorption features in the shortwave infrared bands. The EMIT Level 2B Carbon Dioxide Enhancement Data (EMITL2BCO2ENH) Version 2 data product is a total vertical column enhancement estimate of carbon dioxide in parts per million meter (ppm m) based on an adaptive matched filter approach. EMITL2BCO2ENH provides per-pixel carbon dioxide enhancement data used to identify carbon dioxide plume complexes, per-pixel carbon dioxide uncertainty due to sensor noise, and per-pixel carbon dioxide sensitivity that can be used to remove bias from the enhancement data. The EMITL2BCO2ENH Version 2 data product includes methane enhancement granules for all captured scenes, regardless of carbon dioxide plume complex identification. Each granule contains three Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG) files at a spatial resolution of 60 meters (m): Carbon Dioxide Enhancement (EMIT_L2B_CO2ENH), Carbon Dioxide Uncertainty (EMIT_L2B_CO2UNCERT), and Carbon Dioxide Sensitivity (EMIT_L2B_CO2SENS). The EMITL2BCO2ENH COG files contain carbon dioxide enhancement data based primarily on EMITL1BRAD radiance values. Each granule is approximately 75 kilometers (km) by 75 km, nominal at the equator, with some granules near the end of an orbit segment reaching 150 km in length. Known Issues * Data acquisition gap: From September 13, 2022, through January 6, 2023, a power issue outside of EMIT caused a pause in operations. Due to this shutdown, no data were acquired during that timeframe.

The ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station (ECOSTRESS) mission measures the temperature of plants to better understand how much water plants need and how they respond to stress. ECOSTRESS is attached to the International Space Station (ISS) and collects data globally between 52° N and 52° S latitudes. The ECOSTRESS Tiled Evaporative Stress Index PT-JPL Instantaneous L4 Global 70 m (ECO_L4T_ESI) Version 2 data product uses the Priestley-Taylor Jet Propulsion Laboratory Soil Moisture (PT-JPL-SM) model to generate estimates of both actual and potential instantaneous evapotranspiration (ET). The potential evapotranspiration (PET) estimate represents the maximum expected ET if there were no water stress to plants on the ground. The ratio of the actual ET estimate to the PET estimate forms an index representing the water stress of plants.. The ECO_L4T_ESI Version 2 data product is available globally in Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG) format and uses a modified version of the Military Grid Reference System (MGRS), which divides Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) zones into square tiles that are 109.8 km by 109.8 km with a 70 meter (m) spatial resolution. Each granule contains separate COG files for each layer: Evaporative Stress Index (ESI), PET, and cloud mask, and water mask. A low-resolution browse is also available showing daily ESI as a stretched image with a color ramp in JPEG format. Known Issues * Data acquisition gap: ECOSTRESS was launched on June 29, 2018, and moved to autonomous science operations on August 20, 2018, following a successful in-orbit checkout period. On September 29, 2018, ECOSTRESS experienced an anomaly with its primary mass storage unit (MSU). ECOSTRESS has a primary and secondary MSU (A and B). On December 5, 2018, the instrument was switched to the secondary MSU, and science operations resumed. On March 14, 2019, the secondary MSU experienced a similar anomaly, temporarily halting science acquisitions. On May 15, 2019, a new data acquisition approach was implemented, and science acquisitions resumed. To optimize the new acquisition approach, only Thermal Infrared (TIR) bands 2, 4, and 5 are being downloaded. The data products are the same as before, but the bands not downloaded contain fill values (L1 radiance and L2 emissivity). This approach was implemented from May 15, 2019, through April 28, 2023. * Data acquisition gap: From February 8 to February 16, 2020, an ECOSTRESS instrument issue resulted in a data anomaly that created striping in band 4 (10.5 micron). These data products have been reprocessed and are available for download. No ECOSTRESS data were acquired on February 17, 2020, due to the instrument being in SAFEHOLD. Data acquired following the anomaly have not been affected. * Data acquisition: ECOSTRESS has now successfully returned to 5-band mode after being in 3-band mode since 2019. This feature was successfully enabled following a Data Processing Unit firmware update (version 4.1) to the payload on April 28, 2023. To better balance contiguous science data scene variables, 3-band collection is currently being interleaved with 5-band acquisitions over the orbital day/night periods. * Solar Array Obstruction: Some ECOSTRESS scenes may be affected by solar array obstructions from the International Space Station (ISS), potentially impacting data quality of obstructed pixels. The 'FieldOfViewObstruction' metadata field is included in all Version 2 products to indicate possible obstructions: * Before October 24, 2024 (orbits prior to 35724): The field is present but was not populated and does not reliably identify affected scenes. * On or after October 24, 2024 (starting with orbit 35724): The field is populated and generally accurate, except for late December 2024, when a temporary processing error may have caused false positives. * A list of scenes confirmed to be affected by obstructions is available and is recommended for verifying historical data (before October 24, 2024) and scenes from late December 2024. * The ISS native pointing information is coarse relative to ECOSTRESS pixels, so ECOSTRESS geolocation is improved through image matching with a basemap. Metadata in the L1B_GEO file shows the success of this geolocation improvement, using categorizations "best", "good", "suspect", and "poor". We recommend that users use only "best" and "good" scenes for evaluations where geolocation is important (e.g., comparison to field sites). For some scenes, this metadata is not reflected in the higher-level products (e.g., land surface temperature, evapotranspiration, etc.). While this metadata is always available in the geolocation product, to save users additional download, we have produced a summary text file that includes the geolocation quality flags for all scenes from launch to present. At a later date, all higher-level products will reflect the geolocation quality flag correctly (the field name is GeolocationAccuracyQA). *During the time period of May 15th, 2025, through July 1st, 2025, ECOSTRESS data was noisier than expected. Cycling the payload resolved the issue, but researchers should use all levels of ECOSTRESS data acquired during this time period with caution. * During the time period of January 1st, 2023, through September 30th, 2023, ECOSTRESS STARS and the resulting ET products are considered lower quality due to the priors used in the STARS model. The bug was corrected, and the lower quality data will be reprocessed. * Coarse Resolution Artifacts: Users may sometimes observe coarse resolution (~500m - 1km) artifacts in the L3 and L4 gridded and tiled products. These artifacts are caused by corresponding artifacts within the ECOSTRESS Tiled Ancillary NDVI and Albedo L2 Global 70 m (ECO_L2T_STARS) Version 2 data product. The ECO_L2T_STARS product is produced through a data fusion of Suomi NPP VIIRS (~500 m - 1 km resolution) and Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2 (HLS, 30 m) products. When there is significant temporal lag between HLS acquisitions, the VIIRS data dominates, which can produce coarse resolution artifacts in the ECO_L2T_STARS product. This typically corresponds to relatively large uncertainty values.

Clay content (0-2 micro meter) mass fraction in % at 7 standard depths predicted using the global compilation of soil ground observations. Accuracy assessement of the maps is availble in Hengl et at. (2017) DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169748. Data provided as GeoTIFFs with internal compression (co='COMPRESS=DEFLATE'). Measurement units: w%.

Soil moisture content by weight, at tension 33 kPa (pF 2.5) (g/100g). WoSIS_latest is a 'dynamic dataset' that contains the most recent complement of quality-assessed and standardised soil data served from WoSIS (ISRIC World Soil Information Service). The source data were shared by a wide range of data providers (see: https://www.isric.org/explore/wosis/wosis-contributing-institutions-and-experts). Being dynamic, the contents of 'wosis_latest' will change once new point data are acquired, cleansed and standardised, additional soil properties are considered, and/or when possible amendments are required. Static snapshots of 'wosis_latest' are released at irregular intervals for consistent citation purposes and to discuss methodological changes; the last snapshot is available at https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4735-2024. For general information about WoSIS please see the FAQ-page at https://www.isric.org/explore/wosis/faq-wosis.