Seafloor Salinity (pss)

Retirement Notice: This item is in mature support as of December 2025 and will be retired in December 2027. A new version of this item is available for your use. Esri recommends updating your maps and apps to use the new version. The concentration of dissolved gases in water is of prime importance in considering the quality of water. Sufficient amounts of dissolved oxygen are required for marine-life survival. Dissolved oxygen levels are influenced by temperature and salinity.The ability for oxygen to dissolve in water (solubility) decreases as temperature and salinity increase. Poorly oxygenated areas, or those with a dissolved oxygen level below 1, are considered dead zones or hypoxic zones. Dissolved oxygen is carried to the deep-sea floor by the descending surface waters. Phenomenon Mapped: Seafloor dissolved oxygenUnits: Milliliters per liter (ml/l) Cell Size: 30 arc seconds, approximately 1 kmSource Type: DiscretePixel Type: Unsigned integerSpatial Reference: GCS_WGS_1984Mosaic Projection: Web Mercator Auxiliary SphereExtent: Global oceansSource: Marine Conservation Institute (MCI)Citation: Garcia HE, Locarnini RA, Boyer TP, Antonov JI (2006) World Ocean Atlas 2005, Volume 3: Dissolved Oxygen, Apparent Oxygen Utilization, and Oxygen Saturation. In: Levitus S, editor. 342 p. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 63, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC.Publication Date: 2006ArcGIS Server URL: https://gis.earthdata.nasa.gov/portal/sharing/servers/e545106577054ed9842be4cb1aaa1f02/ The Marine Conservation Institute used this dataset as an input to a predictive habitat model documented in the publication Global Habitat Suitability for Framework-Forming Cold-Water Corals. What can you do with this layer?  Visualization: This layer can be used for visualization online in web maps and in ArcGIS Desktop.  Analysis: This layer can be used as an input to geoprocessing tools and model builder.  Raster Functions: Cartographic Renderer - see this blog for more information.

Retirement Notice: This item is in mature support as of December 2025 and will be retired in December 2027. A new version of this item is available for your use. Esri recommends updating your maps and apps to use the new version. Ocean depth plays an important role in the distribution and abundance of living organisms and has important implications for shipping and offshore development projects such as wind power and oil extraction. Phenomenon Mapped: Seafloor depth, bathymetryUnits: Meters below sea levelCell Size: 30 arc seconds, approximately 1 kmSource Type: DiscretePixel Type: Signed integerSpatial Reference: GCS_WGS_1984Mosaic Projection: Web Mercator Auxiliary SphereExtent: Global oceansSource: Marine Conservation Institute (MCI)Citation: Becker JJ, Sandwell DT, Smith WHF, Braud J, Binder B, et al. (2009) Global bathymetry and elevation data at 30 arc seconds resolution: SRTM30_PLUS. Marine Geodesy 32: 355–371.Publication Date: 2009ArcGIS Server URL: https://gis.earthdata.nasa.gov/portal/sharing/servers/3e20c8ae23b44ca7b99af621fdc129de/ The Marine Conservation Institute used this dataset as an input to a predictive habitat model documented in the publication Global Habitat Suitability for Framework-Forming Cold-Water Corals.  The source data is available from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Satellite Geodesy Webpage. What can you do with this layer?  Visualization: This layer can be used for visualization online in web maps and in ArcGIS Desktop.  Analysis: This layer can be used as an input to geoprocessing tools and model builder.  Raster Functions: Unit Conversion – meters to feet, Cartographic Renderer, Aspect, Slope, and Hillshade - see this blog for more information.

Retirement Notice: This item is in mature support as of December 2025 and will be retired in December 2027. A new version of this item is available for your use. Esri recommends updating your maps and apps to use the new version. Marine life have certain thresholds for temperature that they can live in. For instance, deep-water corals have been recorded in temperatures of -1⁰C. Seafloor temperatures generally decrease with increasing depth.   Phenomenon Mapped: Seafloor temperatureUnits: Degrees CelsiusCell Size: 30 arc seconds, approximately 1 kmSource Type: DiscretePixel Type: Signed integerSpatial Reference: GCS_WGS_1984Mosaic Projection: Web Mercator Auxiliary SphereExtent: Global oceansSource: Marine Conservation Institute (MCI)Citation: Boyer TP, Levitus S, Garcia HE, Locamini RA, Stephens C, et al. (2005) Objective analyses of annual, seasonal, and monthly temperature and salinity for the World Ocean on a 0.25° grid. International Journal of Climatology 25: 931–945.Publication Date: 2005ArcGIS Server URL: https://gis.earthdata.nasa.gov/portal/sharing/servers/ab0926890e444fd0a2ecd4f40fb318f7/  The Marine Conservation Institute used this dataset as an input to a predictive habitat model documented in the publication Global Habitat Suitability for Framework-Forming Cold-Water Corals. What can you do with this layer? Visualization: This layer can be used for visualization online in web maps and in ArcGIS Desktop.  Analysis: This layer can be used as an input to geoprocessing tools and model builder.  Raster Functions: Unit Conversion – Celsius to Fahrenheit, Unit Conversion – Celsius to Kelvin, and Cartographic Renderer - see this blog for more information.

Retirement Notice: This item is in mature support as of December 2025 and will be retired in December 2027. A new version of this item is available for your use. Esri recommends updating your maps and apps to use the new version. Aragonite is the primary mineral in cool water marine environments. Aragonite saturation state is a function of carbonate ion concentration and used to track ocean acidification. Aragonite is used by marine life “calcifiers,” organisms that construct their shells and skeletons from the mineral. Coral reefs are mainly found in regions where open ocean aragonite saturation is 3.0 or higher.   Phenomenon Mapped: Seafloor Omega AragoniteUnits: Omega(Ω) - Calculated saturation stateCell Size: 30 arc seconds, approximately 1 kmSource Type: DiscretePixel Type: Unsigned integerSpatial Reference: GCS_WGS_1984Mosaic Projection: Web Mercator Auxiliary SphereExtent: Global oceansSource: Marine Conservation Institute (MCI)Citation: Orr JC, Fabry VJ, Aumont O, Bopp L, Doney SC, et al. (2005) Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature 437: 681–686.Publication Date: 2005ArcGIS Server URL: https://gis.earthdata.nasa.gov/portal/sharing/servers/29757381ed3b49cfa126f2b416c2a41f/ The Marine Conservation Institute used this dataset as an input to a predictive habitat model documented in the publication Global Habitat Suitability for Framework-Forming Cold-Water Corals.  The source data is available from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Satellite Geodesy Webpage. What can you do with this layer? Visualization: This layer can be used for visualization online in web maps and in ArcGIS Desktop.  Analysis: This layer can be used as an input to geoprocessing tools and model builder.  Raster Functions: Cartographic Renderer - see this blog for more information.

This dataset includes global soil salinity layers for the years 1986, 1992, 2000, 2002, 2005, 2009 and 2016. The maps were generated with a random forest classifier that was trained using seven soil properties maps, thermal infrared imagery and the ECe point data from the WoSIS database. The validation accuracy of the resulting maps was in the range of 67–70%. The total area of salt affected lands by our assessment is around 1 billion hectares, with a clear increasing trend. Further details are provided in a peer-reviewed journal article (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111260). The code and data used to produce the global soil salinity maps can be accessed by registered Google Earth Engine users at https://code.earthengine.google.com/d43e5a92ae1deed32a0929f57b572756.

Retirement Notice: This item is in mature support as of December 2025 and will be retired in December 2027. A new version of this item is available for your use. Esri recommends updating your maps and apps to use the new version. Portions of the world's oceans are extremely remote including areas in the South Pacific that are more the 2,500 km from the nearest land. Distance from shore can be used in asset management, modeling project costs, and as an index of human influence.  Phenomenon Mapped: Distance from shoreUnits: KilometersCell Size: 655.9259912 metersSource Type: DiscretePixel Type: Signed integerSpatial Reference: World Equidistant CylindricalMosaic Projection: Web Mercator Auxiliary SphereExtent: Global oceansSource: EsriPublication Date: 2015ArcGIS Server URL: https://gis.earthdata.nasa.gov/portal/sharing/servers/bbf358c216df4d6aae31f81fc19b88d7/ The Distance from Shore layer was calculated by Esri using the Euclidean Distance Tool in ArcMap and the Esri Country Boundaries layer.  What can you do with this layer? Visualization: This layer can be used for visualization online in web maps and in ArcGIS Desktop. Analysis: This layer can be used as an input to geoprocessing tools and model builder.  Raster Functions: Unit Conversion – kilometers to miles, Unit Conversion - kilometers to nautical miles, Cartographic Renderer, and Classified Renderer see this blog for more information.