FAOSTAT: Macro-Economic Indicators: Macro Indicators

The FAOSTAT Deflators database provides the following selection of price deflator series by country and at regional level: Gross Domestic Product deflator, Gross Fixed Capital Formation deflator, Manufacturing Value-Added deflator, and Agriculture, Forestry, Fishery Valued-Added deflator. In the FAOSTAT Deflators database, all series are derived from the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) National Accounts Analysis of Main Aggregates database (UNSD AMA). In particular, the implicit Gross Domestic Product deflator, the implicit Gross Fixed Capital Formation deflator, the implicit value added deflator of Agriculture, Forestry, Fishery and the implicit value added deflator of Manufacturing are obtained by dividing the series in current prices by those in constant 2015 prices (base year).

As part of the FAO Agriculture Capital Stock (ACS) database, the Statistics Division of FAO publishes country-by-country data on physical investment in agriculture, forestry and fishing as measured by the System of National Accounts (SNA) concept of Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF). Additional variables included in the ACS are Net and Gross Capital Stock, Consumption of Fixed Capital, the Agriculture Investment ratio, and the Gross Fixed Capital Formation Agriculture Orientation Index. The FAO Agriculture Capital Stock Database is an analytical database: whenever available, the database integrates official National Accounts data harvested from the UNSD National Accounts Main Aggregates Database (UNSD AMA) and the OECD Annual National Accounts Database (OECD ANA). The database is further supplemented by OECD Structural Analysis database (OECD STAN) and, in a few cases, data from country’s statistics websites. If the full set of official data is not available for any specific country, imputation methods are applied to obtain estimates over the complete time series. Many data points in ACS are estimated and are flagged as such; they do not represent official submissions by Member Countries. With a view of producing internationally comparable net capital stock estimates, the Perpetual Inventory Method (PIM) with a constant geometric depreciation rate is employed to impute missing data. The Perpetual Inventory Method is a well-established economic model to calculate Net Capital Stocks (NCS) and Consumption of Fixed Capital (CFC) from time series of Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF). Specifically, annual measures of the NCS are obtained from cumulating historical series on physical investment flows and deducting the part of assets that are depreciated (the Consumption of Fixed Capital that occurs in every period). In order to implement the PIM, long time series on aggregate GFCF in agriculture, forestry and fishing is required.An attempt is made to rely as much as possible on National Accounts data published by the OECD and UNSD. When country data are partially or fully missing, econometric techniques to impute missing observations are employed. Depending on the pattern of data missingness for the countries, different imputation methods are applied (from among the ARIMAX, PANEL regression, and OLS approaches) for the data series from 1995 to 2022. The values of Agriculture Capital Stock related indicators for 2023, including Agriculture Investment Ratio, Agriculture Orientation Index, Net Capital Stock, Gross Fixed Capital Formation and Consumption of Fixed Capital, are estimated using the Holt-Winters (HW) method (Cipra et al., 1995). The HW method is an exponential smoothing method for forecasting the annual values of economic variables. In this context, the HW method relies on existing (historical) values of the Agriculture Capital Stock. The predicted value is an extrapolation of the historical values to the specified target date, which extends the timeline without considering seasonality in the annual series.All data series in the database are provided both in national currencies and in US dollars as well as in current prices and constant prices with base year 2015.

The food and agricultural trade indicators dataset is based on trade, production and gross domestic product (GDP) data. Agri-food trade data are collected, processed and disseminated by FAO according to the standard International Merchandise Trade Statistics (IMTS) Methodology. The data is mainly provided by UNSD, Eurostat, and other national authorities as needed. The source data is checked for outliers, trade partner data is used for non-reporting countries or missing cells, and data on food aid is added to take total cross-border trade flows into account. The trade database includes the following variables: export quantity, export value, import quantity, and import value. It includes all food and agricultural products imported/exported annually by all countries in the world. Production data details are available at https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL and GDP data details are available at https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/MK

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing corresponds to ISIC (Rev. 4) divisions 01-03 and includes the exploitation of vegetal and animal natural resources, comprising the activities of growing of crops, raising and breeding of animals, harvesting of timber and other plants, animals or animal products from a farm or their natural habitats.Value added is the contribution to the economy by a producer or an industry or an institutional sector, which is estimated by the total value of output produced and deducting the total value of intermediate consumption of goods and services used to produce that output. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. This indicator is expressed in United States dollars.

The food and agricultural trade dataset is collected, processed and disseminated by FAO according to the standard International Merchandise Trade Statistics (IMTS) Methodology. The data is mainly provided by UNSD, Eurostat, and other national authorities as needed. The source data is checked for outliers, trade partner data is used for non-reporting countries or missing cells, and data on food aid is added to take into account total cross-border trade flows. The trade database includes the following variables: export quantity, export value, import quantity, and import value. It includes all food and agricultural products imported/exported annually by all the countries in the world.

This dataset provides annual statistics on crop and livestock production across countries and territories. For crops, data are provided on area harvested, production quantities and yields. For livestock, data are provided on animal stocks, numbers of producing and slaughtered animals, and the production of meat, milk, eggs and other livestock products. The dataset also includes information on production quantities for selected processed products, such as vegetable oils, sugar, fibres, beer, wine and major dairy products.