Global climate and weather data

The Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Land Surface Temperature/Emissivity Daily (MYD11C1) Version 6.1 product provides daily Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity (LST&E) values in a 0.05 degree (5,600 meters at the equator) latitude/longitude Climate Modeling Grid (CMG). The MYD11C1 product is directly derived from the MYD11B1 product. A CMG granule follows a Geographic grid, having 7,200 columns and 3,600 rows, which represent the entire globe. Each MYD11C1 product consists of the following layers for daytime and nighttime observations: LSTs, quality control assessments, observation times, view zenith angles, number of clear-sky observations, and emissivities from bands 20, 22, 23, 29, 31, and 32 (bands 31 and 32 are daytime only) along with the percentage of land in the grid. Known Issues * For complete information about known issues please refer to the MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website.

Note: this data is currently in testing and is experimental. Date of Images: Post-Event: 4/2/2025-4/6/2025 Summary: Storms that produce heavy rain, damaging winds, hail, and tornadoes often exhibit distinct cloud-top patterns in satellite imagery. Two of these patterns, overshooting tops (OTs) and above-anvil cirrus plumes (AACPs), are frequently observed over intense storms. Using deep learning techniques, researchers at NASA Langley Research Center developed software to automatically detect these severe storm signatures in 500m GOES satellite data collected every 5 minutes. Emergency managers can use this raster data to quickly identify locations where severe storms likely occurred, complementing ground-based reports in regions with limited observations. Severe weather on the ground is more likely when OTs and AACPs are both detected and in areas where detections are clustered or observed repeatedly. Long, nearly straight lines of OT and AACP time-aggregated detections can indicate severe storm tracks. Suggested Use and Use Cases: Target audiences: GIS specialists, tactical emergency managers Information Needed: Near real-time situational awareness about locations where severe storm impacts may have occurred. Example Uses: Target additional information collection. Prioritize field activities (e.g. assessments, resource allocation). Value Proposition: Low resolution, low latency data shows areas that may have recently or may soon experience severe weather (nowcasting). Satellite: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) Satellite remote sensing over North & South America Resolution: 5 minute temporal resolution observation frequency, 500m spatial resolution Product Specifications: Caveats: While the presence of OTs and AACPs often correlates with severe weather, this product does not observe ground impacts and may detect features that do not correspond to severe weather. Service URL: WMS Endpoint:

Extreme low temperatures: areas where the number of days per year with minimum temperatures below 0ºC will increase by more than 1 day. Pixels with a value lower than the specified threshold (0ºC) were given a value of 1 (YES response) The long-term change in annual low temperature is calculated over a 20 year time period, from 2021 to 2040 (near term), with SSP5-8.5. **Data publication:** 2022-01-26 **Contact points:** Resource Contact: [IPCC WGI Interactive Atlas](mailto:ipcc-ddc@ifca.unican.es) Metadata Contact: [OCB Environment](mailto:OCB-Environment-List@fao.org) **Resource constraints:** More information on IPCC data license at: https://interactive-atlas.ipcc.ch/license **Online resources:**

The NOAA-21 Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) and Albedo Model Parameter 1 Band M2 product (VJ243D04) is produced daily using 16 days of data at 30 arc second (1,000 meter) resolution. Data are temporally weighted to the ninth day, which is reflected in the file name. The VJ243D product suite is provided in a Climate Modeling Grid (CMG), which covers the entire globe for use in climate simulation models. Due to the large file size, each VJ243D product contains just one data variable. Each of the three model parameters (isotropic, volumetric, and geometric) for each of the nine VIIRS moderate resolution bands along with the visible, near-infrared (NIR), and shortwave bands included in the VJ243MA1 product is stored in a separate file as VJ243D01 through VJ243D36. In addition to the bands included in VJ243MA1, this product suite includes model parameters for the VIIRS Day/Night Band (DNB) as VJ243D37 through VJ243D39. Details regarding methodology are available on the VJ243MA1 product page and in the Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD). VJ243D04 is the BRDF isotropic parameter for VIIRS band M2 (0.445 μm). The isotropic parameter, in conjunction with the volumetric and geometric parameters, is used to derive the BRDF/Albedo values for VIIRS band M2. Known Issues * For complete information about known issues please refer to the MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website.

The Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Land Surface Temperature/Emissivity 8-Day (MOD11A2) Version 6.1 product provides an average 8-day per-pixel Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity (LST&E) with a 1 kilometer (km) spatial resolution in a 1,200 by 1,200 km grid. Each pixel value in the MOD11A2 is a simple average of all the corresponding MOD11A1 LST pixels collected within that 8-day period. The 8-day compositing period was chosen because twice that period is the exact ground track repeat period of the Terra and Aqua platforms. Provided along with the daytime and nighttime surface temperature bands are associated quality control assessments, observation times, view zenith angles, and clear-sky coverages along with bands 31 and 32 emissivities from land cover types. Known Issues * For complete information about known issues please refer to the MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website.

The Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Land Surface Temperature/Emissivity 8-Day (MOD11B2) Version 6.1 product provides an average 8-day per pixel Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity (LST&E) in a 1,200 by 1,200 kilometer (km) tile with a pixel size of 5,600 meters (m). Each temperature and emissivity pixel value in the MOD11B2 is a simple average of all the corresponding values from the LST&E values from the MOD11B1 product collected during that 8-day period. Each MOD11B2 granule consists of 19 layers including daytime and nighttime layers for LSTs, quality control assessments, observation times, view zenith angles, and number of clear sky observations along with percentage of land in the tile and emissivities from bands 20, 22, 23, 29, 31, and 32. Unique to the MOD11B products are additional day and night LST layers generated from band 31 of the corresponding 1 km MOD11_L2 swath product aggregated to the 6 km grid. Known Issues * For complete information about known issues please refer to the MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website.

Daily global imagery layer from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), served as map tiles.

The NOAA-21 Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) and Albedo white-sky albedo for band M8 (VJ243D73) is produced daily using 16 days of data at 30 arc second (1,000 meter) resolution. Data are temporally weighted to the ninth day, which is reflected in the file name. The VJ243D product suite is provided in a Climate Modeling Grid (CMG), which covers the entire globe for use in climate simulation models. Due to the large file size, each VJ243D product contains just one data layer. VJ243D54 through VJ243D79 are the albedo products of the VNP43D BRDF/Albedo product suite. Black-sky albedo (BSA) and white-sky albedo (WSA) values are provided for the nine VIIRS moderate resolution bands (M1 through M5, M7, M8, M10, and M11) along with the visible, near-infrared (NIR), and shortwave bands included in the VJ243MA3 product. In addition to the bands included in VJ243MA3, this product suite includes albedo values for the VIIRS Day/Night Band (DNB). The black-sky albedo (directional hemispherical reflectance) is defined as albedo in the absence of a diffuse component and is a function of solar zenith angle. White-sky albedo (bihemispherical reflectance) is defined as albedo in the absence of a direct component when the diffuse component is isotropic. Details regarding methodology are available on the VJ243MA3 product page and in the Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD). VJ243D73 is the WSA for VIIRS band M8 (1.240 μm). Known Issues * For complete information about known issues please refer to the MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website.

The NOAA-20 Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) and Albedo Black-Sky Albedo for Band M10 (VJ143D61) is produced daily using 16 days of data at 30 arc second (1,000 meter) resolution. Data are temporally weighted to the ninth day, which is reflected in the file name. The VJ143D product suite is provided in a Climate Modeling Grid (CMG), which covers the entire globe for use in climate simulation models. Due to the large file size, each VJ143D product contains just one data layer. VJ143D54 through VJ143D79 are the albedo products of the VJ143D BRDF/Albedo product suite. Black-sky albedo (BSA) and white-sky albedo (WSA) values are provided for the nine VIIRS moderate resolution bands (M1 through M5, M7, M8, M10, and M11) along with the visible, near-infrared (NIR), and shortwave bands included in the VJ143MA3 product. In addition to the bands included in VJ143MA3, this product suite includes albedo values for the VIIRS Day/Night Band (DNB). The black-sky albedo (directional hemispherical reflectance) is defined as albedo in the absence of a diffuse component and is a function of solar zenith angle. White-sky albedo (bihemispherical reflectance) is defined as albedo in the absence of a direct component when the diffuse component is isotropic. Details regarding methodology are available on the VJ143MA3 product page and in the Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD). VJ143D61 is the BSA for VIIRS band M10 (1.61 μm). Known Issues * For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website]( https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue).

The Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Land Surface Temperature/Emissivity Daily (MYD11B1) Version 6.1 product provides daily per pixel Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity (LST&E) in a 1,200 by 1,200 kilometer (km) tile with a pixel size of 5,600 meters (m). Each MOD11B1 granule consists of the following layers for daytime and nighttime observations: LSTs, quality control assessments, observation times, view zenith angles, number of clear-sky observations, and emissivities from bands 20, 22, 23, 29, 31, and 32 (bands 31 and 32 are daytime only) along with the percentage of land in the tile. Unique to the MYD11B products are additional day and night LST layers generated from band 31 of the corresponding 1 km MYD11_L2 swath product aggregated to the 6 km grid. Known Issues * For complete information about known issues please refer to the MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website.

Net financial flows received by the borrower during the year are disbursements of loans and credits less repayments of principal. IDA is the International Development Association, the concessional loan window of the World Bank Group. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

Precipitation data is delivered on a daily basis. The source of this dataset is CHIRPS (Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station) quasi-global rainfall dataset, starting from 1981 up to near present. The value of each pixel represents the total of daily precipitation in the month expressed in mm (1mm=1l/m² or 1mm=10m³/ha). The data is provided from January 2009 to 2024. **Data publication:** 2020-01-01 **Supplemental Information:** No data value: -9999 Unit: mm (1mm=1l/m² or 1mm=10m³/ha) Map code : L1-PCP-M Scale Factor : 0.1 Conversion factor: the pixel value in the downloaded data must be multiplied by 0.1 New dekadal data layers are released approximately 5 days after the end of a dekad. A higher quality version of the same data layer is uploaded after 6 dekads have passed. This final version of the dekadal dataset has a higher quality because gap filling and interpolation processes, where needed, have been based on more data observations. This implies that other temporal aggregations (monthly, seasonal, annual), and layers that depend on those, are updated as well. Practically this means that a final annual aggregation of the most recent full calendar year can only be produced after the end of February. Likewise, the final monthly aggregation of the most recent calendar months can only be produced 2 full months later. **Citation:** FAO 2018. WaPOR Database Methodology: Level 1. Remote Sensing for Water Productivity Technical Report: Methodology Series. Rome, FAO. 72 pages. Licence: CC BY 4.0 IGO **Contact points:** Metadata Contact: [WaPOR](mailto:wapor@fao.org) Resource Contact: [WaPOR](mailto:wapor@fao.org) **Data lineage:** See daily Precipitation (L1_PCP_E) for further information. The monthly data is obtained by taking the daily PCP, summing the days of each month. **Resource constraints:** Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) **Online resources:** Download the data from Google Cloud Storage

Precipitation data is delivered on a daily basis. The source of this dataset is CHIRPS (Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station) quasi-global rainfall dataset, starting from 1981 up to near present. The value of each pixel represents the total of daily precipitation in the year expressed in mm (1mm=1l/m² or 1mm=10m³/ha). The data is provided from January 2009 to 2022. **Data publication:** 2020-01-01 **Supplemental Information:** No data value: -9999 Unit: mm (1mm=1l/m² or 1mm=10m³/ha) Map code : L1-PCP-A Scale Factor : 0.1 Conversion factor: the pixel value in the downloaded data must be multiplied by 0.1 New dekadal data layers are released approximately 5 days after the end of a dekad. A higher quality version of the same data layer is uploaded after 6 dekads have passed. This final version of the dekadal dataset has a higher quality because gap filling and interpolation processes, where needed, have been based on more data observations. This implies that other temporal aggregations (monthly, seasonal, annual), and layers that depend on those, are updated as well. Practically this means that a final annual aggregation of the most recent full calendar year can only be produced after the end of February. Likewise, the final monthly aggregation of the most recent calendar months can only be produced 2 full months later. **Citation:** FAO 2018. WaPOR Database Methodology: Level 1. Remote Sensing for Water Productivity Technical Report: Methodology Series. Rome, FAO. 72 pages. Licence: CC BY 4.0 IGO **Contact points:** Metadata Contact: [WaPOR](mailto:wapor@fao.org) Resource Contact: [WaPOR](mailto:wapor@fao.org) **Data lineage:** See daily Precipitation (L1_PCP_E) for further information. The annual data is obtained by taking the daily PCP, summing the days of each year. **Resource constraints:** Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) **Online resources:** Download the data from Google Cloud Storage

Extreme precipitation: areas where the change in the average maximum 1-day precipitation is above 20%. Pixels with a value higher than the specified threshold (20%) were given a value of 1 (YES response) The long-term change in annual precipitation is calculated over a 20 year time period, from 2021 to 2040 (near term), with SSP5-8.5. **Data publication:** 2022-01-26 **Contact points:** Resource Contact: [IPCC WGI Interactive Atlas](mailto:ipcc-ddc@ifca.unican.es) Metadata Contact: [OCB Environment](mailto:OCB-Environment-List@fao.org) **Resource constraints:** More information on IPCC data license at: https://interactive-atlas.ipcc.ch/license **Online resources:**

Drought: areas where the change in the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is below -20%. Pixels with a value lower than the specified threshold (-20%) were given a value of 1 (YES response) The long-term change in annual drought is calculated over a 20 year time period, from 2021 to 2040 (near term), with SSP5-8.5. **Data publication:** 2022-01-26 **Contact points:** Resource Contact: [IPCC WGI Interactive Atlas](mailto:ipcc-ddc@ifca.unican.es) Metadata Contact: [OCB Environment](mailto:OCB-Environment-List@fao.org) **Resource constraints:** More information on IPCC data license at: https://interactive-atlas.ipcc.ch/license **Online resources:**

The NOAA-21 Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) and Albedo Model Parameter 2 Band M10 product (V43J2D23) is produced daily using 16 days of data at 30 arc second (1,000 meter) resolution. Data are temporally weighted to the ninth day, which is reflected in the file name. The VJ243D product suite is provided in a Climate Modeling Grid (CMG), which covers the entire globe for use in climate simulation models. Due to the large file size, each VJ243D product contains just one data layer. Each of the three model parameters (isotropic, volumetric, and geometric) for each of the nine VIIRS moderate resolution bands along with the visible, near-infrared (NIR), and shortwave bands included in the VJ243MA1 product is stored in a separate file as VJ243D01 through VJ243D36. In addition to the bands included in VJ243MA1, this product suite includes model parameters for the VIIRS Day/Night Band (DNB) as VJ243D37 through VJ243D39. Details regarding methodology are available on the VJ243MA1 product page and in the Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD). VJ243D23 is the BRDF volumetric parameter for VIIRS band M10 (1.61 μm). The volumetric parameter, in conjunction with the isotropic and geometric parameters, is used to derive the BRDF/Albedo values for VIIRS band M10. Known Issues * For complete information about known issues please refer to the MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website.

The NOAA-20 Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) and Albedo white-sky albedo for band M5 (VJ143D71) is produced daily using 16 days of data at 30 arc second (1,000 meter) resolution. Data are temporally weighted to the ninth day, which is reflected in the file name. The VJ143D product suite is provided in a Climate Modeling Grid (CMG), which covers the entire globe for use in climate simulation models. Due to the large file size, each VJ143D product contains just one data layer. VJ143D54 through VJ143D79 are the albedo products of the VJ143D BRDF/Albedo product suite. Black-sky albedo (BSA) and white-sky albedo (WSA) values are provided for the nine VIIRS moderate resolution bands (M1 through M5, M7, M8, M10, and M11) along with the visible, near-infrared (NIR), and shortwave bands included in the VJ143MA3 product. In addition to the bands included in VJ143MA3, this product suite includes albedo values for the VIIRS Day/Night Band (DNB). The black-sky albedo (directional hemispherical reflectance) is defined as albedo in the absence of a diffuse component and is a function of solar zenith angle. White-sky albedo (bihemispherical reflectance) is defined as albedo in the absence of a direct component when the diffuse component is isotropic. Details regarding methodology are available on the VJ143MA3 product page and in the Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD). VJ143D71 is the WSA for VIIRS band M5 (0.672 μm). Known Issues * For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website]( https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue).

The delivery of all Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (Suomi NPP) VIIRS science data products will cease on November 2, 2026 (2026/306). Data users are encouraged to transition to the equivalent VJ218A2 (primary) or VJ118A2 (secondary) data products. The VNP18A2 Version 2 is a NASA/NOAA Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (Suomi NPP) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) gridded Level 3 product. It is produced at 1 kilometer pixel resolution at daily intervals. PAR is the incident solar radiation in the visible spectrum (400-700 nanometers) and is a significant variable in land surface models (LSMs), receiving increased attention due to its importance for the management and operation of solar energy systems. The VNP18 algorithm adapts the narrowband look-up table (LUT) approach to estimate PAR. The LUTs consider different types of loadings of aerosols and clouds at a variety of illumination and viewing geometry. The Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD) is forthcoming and will provide additional details regarding the methodology used to create the data. Provided in the VNP18A2 product are variables for instantaneous total, direct, and diffuse PAR, as well as 3-hour PAR, daily mean PAR, and a quality variable.

The NOAA-21 Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) and Albedo Snow Status product (VJ243D52) is produced daily using 16 days of data at 30 arc second (1,000 meter) resolution. Data are temporally weighted to the ninth day, which is reflected in the file name. The VJ243D product suite is provided in a Climate Modeling Grid (CMG), which covers the entire globe for use in climate simulation models. Due to the large file size, each VJ243D product contains just one data layer for each of the parameters included in the VJ243MA2 product. VJ243D40 through VJ243D53 are the 30 arc second BRDF/Albedo Quality values, the Local Solar Noon values, the Valid Observations of the moderate resolution bands (M1 through M5, M7, M8, M10, and M11) plus the Day/Night Band (DNB), the Snow Status, and the Uncertainty. Details regarding methodology are available on the VJ243MA2 product page and in the Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD). VJ243D52 contains the snow status quality layer, which identifies each pixel as either “Snow-free Albedo Retrieved” or “Snow Albedo Retrieved” for the acquisition period. Known Issues * For complete information about known issues please refer to the MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website.

The NOAA-20 Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) and Albedo Quality product (VJ143D40) is produced daily using 16 days of data at 30 arc second (1,000 meter) resolution. Data are temporally weighted to the ninth day, which is reflected in the file name. The VJ143D product suite is provided in a Climate Modeling Grid (CMG), which covers the entire globe for use in climate simulation models. Due to the large file size, each VJ143D product contains just one data layer for each of the parameters included in the VJ143MA2 product. VJ143D40 through VJ143D53 are the 30 arc second BRDF/Albedo Quality values, the Local Solar Noon values, the Valid Observations of the moderate resolution bands (M1 through M5, M7, M8, M10, and M11) plus the Day/Night Band (DNB), the Snow Status, and the Uncertainty. Details regarding methodology are available on the VJ143MA2 product page and in the Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD). VJ143D40 consists of BRDF/Albedo quality information representing the overall quality of each pixel for VIIRS moderate resolution bands M1 through M5, M7, M8, M10, M11, and DNB. Known Issues * For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website]( https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue).

The NOAA-21 Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) and Albedo white-sky albedo for band M7 (VJ243D72) is produced daily using 16 days of data at 30 arc second (1,000 meter) resolution. Data are temporally weighted to the ninth day, which is reflected in the file name. The VJ243D product suite is provided in a Climate Modeling Grid (CMG), which covers the entire globe for use in climate simulation models. Due to the large file size, each VJ243D product contains just one data layer. VJ243D54 through VJ243D79 are the albedo products of the VNP43D BRDF/Albedo product suite. Black-sky albedo (BSA) and white-sky albedo (WSA) values are provided for the nine VIIRS moderate resolution bands (M1 through M5, M7, M8, M10, and M11) along with the visible, near-infrared (NIR), and shortwave bands included in the VJ243MA3 product. In addition to the bands included in VJ243MA3, this product suite includes albedo values for the VIIRS Day/Night Band (DNB). The black-sky albedo (directional hemispherical reflectance) is defined as albedo in the absence of a diffuse component and is a function of solar zenith angle. White-sky albedo (bihemispherical reflectance) is defined as albedo in the absence of a direct component when the diffuse component is isotropic. Details regarding methodology are available on the VJ243MA3 product page and in the Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD). VJ243D72 is the WSA for VIIRS band M7 (0.865 μm). Known Issues * For complete information about known issues please refer to the MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website.

A new suite of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity (LST&E) products are available in Collection 6.1. The MYD21 Land Surface Temperature (LST) algorithm differs from the algorithm of the MYD11 LST products, in that the MYD21 algorithm is based on the ASTER Temperature/Emissivity Separation (TES) technique, whereas the MYD11 uses the split-window technique. The MYD21 TES algorithm uses a physics-based algorithm to dynamically retrieve both the LST and spectral emissivity simultaneously from the MODIS thermal infrared bands 29, 31, and 32. The TES algorithm is combined with an improved Water Vapor Scaling (WVS) atmospheric correction scheme to stabilize the retrieval during very warm and humid conditions. The MYD21C3 dataset is an 8-day composite LST product that uses an algorithm based on a simple averaging method. The algorithm calculates the average from all the cloud free MYD21A1D and MYD21A1N daily acquisitions from the 8-day period. Unlike the MOD21A1 data sets where the daytime and nighttime acquisitions are separate products, the MYD21A2 contains both daytime and nighttime acquisitions as separate Science Dataset (SDS) layers within a single Hierarchical Data Format (HDF) file. The LST, Quality Control (QC), view zenith angle, and viewing time have separate day and night SDS layers, while the values for the MODIS emissivity bands 29, 31, and 32 are the average of both the nighttime and daytime acquisitions. Additional details regarding the method used to create this Level 3 (L3) product are available in the Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD). Known Issues * Users of MODIS LST products may notice an increase in occurrences of extreme high temperature outliers in the unfiltered MxD21 Version 6 and 6.1 products compared to the heritage MxD11 LST products. This can occur especially over desert regions like the Sahara where undetected cloud and dust can negatively impact both the MxD21 and MxD11 retrieval algorithms. * In the MxD11 LST products, these contaminated pixels are flagged in the algorithm and set to fill values in the output products based on differences in the band 32 and band 31 radiances used in the generalized split window algorithm. In the MxD21 LST products, values for the contaminated pixels are retained in the output products (and may result in overestimated temperatures), and users need to apply Quality Control (QC) filtering and other error analyses for filtering out bad values. High temperature outlier thresholds are not employed in MxD21 since it would potentially remove naturally occurring hot surface targets such as fires and lava flows. * High atmospheric aerosol optical depth (AOD) caused by vast dust outbreaks in the Sahara and other deserts highlighted in the example documentation are the primary reason for high outlier surface temperature values (and corresponding low emissivity values) in the MxD21 LST products. Future versions of the MxD21 product will include a dust flag from the MODIS aerosol product and/or brightness temperature look up tables to filter out contaminated dust pixels. It should be noted that in the MxD11B day/night algorithm products, more advanced cloud filtering is employed in the multi-day products based on a temporal analysis of historical LST over cloudy areas. This may result in more stringent filtering of dust contaminated pixels in these products. * In order to mitigate the impact of dust in the MxD21 V6 and 6.1 products, the science team recommends using a combination of the existing QC bits, emissivity values, and estimated product errors, to confidently remove bad pixels from analysis. For more details, refer to this dust and cloud contamination example documentation. * For complete information about known issues please refer to the MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website.

The ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station (ECOSTRESS) mission measures the temperature of plants to better understand how much water plants need and how they respond to stress. ECOSTRESS is attached to the International Space Station (ISS) and collects data globally between 52° N and 52° S latitudes. The ECOSTRESS Tiled Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity Instantaneous Level 2 Global 70 m (ECO_L2T_LSTE) Version 2 data product provides atmospherically corrected land surface temperature and emissivity (LST&E) values derived from five thermal infrared (TIR) bands. The ECO_L2T_LSTE data product was derived using a physics-based Temperature and Emissivity Separation (TES) algorithm. This tiled data product is subset from the ECO_L2G_LSTE data product using a modified version of the Military Grid Reference System (MGRS) which divides Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) zones into square tiles that are 109.8 km by 109.8 km with a 70 meter (m) spatial resolution. The ECO_L2T_LSTE Version 2 data product is provided in Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG) format, and each band is distributed as a separate COG. This product contains seven layers including LST, LST error, wideband emissivity, quality flags, height, and cloud and water masks. Known Issues * Data acquisition gap: ECOSTRESS was launched on June 29, 2018, and moved to autonomous science operations on August 20, 2018, following a successful in-orbit checkout period. On September 29, 2018, ECOSTRESS experienced an anomaly with its primary mass storage unit (MSU). ECOSTRESS has a primary and secondary MSU (A and B). On December 5, 2018, the instrument was switched to the secondary MSU and science operations resumed. On March 14, 2019, the secondary MSU experienced a similar anomaly, temporarily halting science acquisitions. On May 15, 2019, a new data acquisition approach was implemented, and science acquisitions resumed. To optimize the new acquisition approach TIR bands 2, 4, and 5 are being downloaded. The data products are as previously, except the bands not downloaded contain fill values (L1 radiance and L2 emissivity). This approach was implemented from May 15, 2019, through April 28, 2023. * Data acquisition gap: From February 8 to February 16, 2020, an ECOSTRESS instrument issue resulted in a data anomaly that created striping in band 4 (10.5 micron). These data products have been reprocessed and are available for download. No ECOSTRESS data were acquired on February 17, 2020, due to the instrument being in SAFEHOLD. Data acquired following the anomaly have not been affected. * Data acquisition: ECOSTRESS has now successfully returned to 5-band mode after being in 3-band mode since 2019. This feature was successfully enabled following a Data Processing Unit firmware update (version 4.1) to the payload on April 28, 2023. To better balance contiguous science data scene variables, 3-band collection is currently being interleaved with 5-band acquisitions over the orbital day/night periods. * Data alert: All users of ECOSTRESS L2 v002 products (ECO_L2T_LSTE, ECO_L2_LSTE, ECO_L2G_LSTE) should be aware that the cloud mask information previously available in the Quality Control (QC) layer in v001, is not available in the v002 QC layer. Instead, users should be using the 'cloud_mask' layer in the L2 LSTE product, or the cloud information in the standard cloud mask products (ECO_L2_CLOUD, ECO_L2T_CLOUD, ECO_L2G_CLOUD) to assess if a pixel is clear or cloudy (see section 3 of the User Guide). In v002 the mandatory QA flags in the QC bit mask provide the following information in bits 1 and 0: * 00 - Pixel produced by TES * 01 - Pixel produced by TES but certain conditions are met that may degrade the LSTE accuracy (see User Guide for details) * 10 - Not set (previously set to cloud mask in v001) * 11 - Pixel not produced (see bits 3 & 2 for additional information) * Solar Array Obstruction: Some ECOSTRESS scenes may be affected by solar array obstructions from the International Space Station (ISS), potentially impacting data quality of obstructed pixels. The 'FieldOfViewObstruction' metadata field is included in all Version 2 products to indicate possible obstructions: * Before October 24, 2024 (orbits prior to 35724): The field is present but was not populated and does not reliably identify affected scenes. * On or after October 24, 2024 (starting with orbit 35724): The field is populated and generally accurate, except for late December 2024, when a temporary processing error may have caused false positives. * A list of scenes confirmed to be affected by obstructions is available and is recommended for verifying historical data (before October 24, 2024) and scenes from late December 2024. * Geolocation flags: The ISS native pointing information is coarse relative to ECOSTRESS pixels, so ECOSTRESS geolocation is improved through image matching with a basemap. Metadata in the L1B_GEO file shows the success of this geolocation improvement, using categorizations "best", "good", "suspect", and "poor". We recommend that users use only "best" and "good" scenes for evaluations where geolocation is important (e.g., comparison to field sites). For some scenes, this metadata is not reflected in the higher-level products (e.g., land surface temperature, evapotranspiration, etc.). While this metadata is always available in the geolocation product, to save users additional download, we have produced a summary text file that includes the geolocation quality flags for all scenes from launch to present. At a later date, all higher-level products will reflect the geolocation quality flag correctly (the field name is GeolocationAccuracyQA). * Instrument noise: During the time period of May 15, 2025, through July 1, 2025 ECOSTRESS data was noisier than expected. Cycling the payload resolved the issue, but researchers should use all levels of ECOSTRESS data acquired during this time period with caution. * Missing variable: ECO_L2T_LSTE was generated without the lst_err layer/variable during the time period from December 16, 2025, to June 10, 2026. The impacted data will be reprocessed in the near future.

Total volume of liquid water (mm3) precipitated over the period 00h-24h local time per unit of area (mm2), per month. Unit: mm month-1. The Precipitation flux variable is part of the Agrometeorological indicators dataset produced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) through the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S). The Agrometeorological indicators dataset provides daily surface meteorological data for the period from 1979 to present as input for agriculture and agro-ecological studies. This dataset is based on the hourly ECMWF ERA5 data at surface level and is referred to as AgERA5. References: https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.6c68c9bb The Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) aims to combine observations of the climate system with the latest science to develop authoritative, quality-assured information about the past, current and future states of the climate in Europe and worldwide. ECMWF operates the Copernicus Climate Change Service on behalf of the European Union and will bring together expertise from across Europe to deliver the service. **Data publication:** 2021-01-30 **Data revision:** 2021-10-05 **Contact points:** Metadata Contact: ECMWF - European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Resource Contact: ECMWF Support Portal **Data lineage:** Agrometeorological data were aggregated to daily time steps at the local time zone and corrected towards a finer topography at a 0.1° spatial resolution. The correction to the 0.1° grid was realized by applying grid and variable-specific regression equations to the ERA5 dataset interpolated at 0.1° grid. The equations were trained on ECMWF's operational high-resolution atmospheric model (HRES) at a 0.1° resolution. This way the data is tuned to the finer topography, finer land use pattern and finer land-sea delineation of the ECMWF HRES model. **Resource constraints:** License Permission This License is free of charge, worldwide, non-exclusive, royalty free and perpetual. Access to Copernicus Products is given for any purpose in so far as it is lawful, whereas use may include, but is not limited to: reproduction; distribution; communication to the public; adaptation, modification and combination with other data and information; or any combination of the foregoing. Where the Licensee communicates or distributes Copernicus Products to the public, the Licensee shall inform the recipients of the source by using the following or any similar notice: • 'Generated using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [Year]' and/or • 'Generated using Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information [Year]' More information on Copernicus License at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ **Online resources:** Download the data from Google Cloud Storage Download the data from File-Browser

The NOAA-20 Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity (LST&E) Day Version 2 product (VJ121A1D) is compiled daily from daytime Level 2 Gridded (L2G) intermediate products. The L2G process maps the daily VJ121 swath granules onto a sinusoidal MODIS grid and stores all observations overlapping a gridded cell for a given day. The VJ121A1 algorithm sorts through all these observations for each cell and estimates the final LST value as an average from all cloud-free observations that have good LST accuracies. The daytime average is weighted by the observation coverage for that cell. Only observations having observation coverage more than a certain threshold (15%) are considered for this averaging. The 1 kilometer dataset is derived through resampling the native 750 meter VIIRS resolution in the input product. The VJ121A1D product is developed synergistically with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) LST&E Version 6.1 product (MOD21A1D) using the same input atmospheric products and algorithmic approach. The overall objective for NASA VIIRS products is to ensure the algorithms and products are compatible with the MODIS Terra and Aqua algorithms to promote the continuity of the Earth Observation System (EOS) mission. Additional details regarding the method used to create this Level 3 (L3) product are available in the Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD). The VJ121A1D product contains seven Science Datasets (SDS) variables: LST, quality control, emissivity for bands M14, M15, and M16, view zenith angle, and time of observation. A low-resolution browse image for LST is also available for each VJ121A1D granule. Known Issues * For complete information about known issues please refer to the MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website and the User Guide.

The NOAA-21 Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity (LST&E) 8-day product (VJ221A2) combines the daily (VJ221A1D) and (VJ221A1N) products over an 8-day compositing period into a single product. The VJ221A2 dataset is an 8-day composite LST&E product at 1 kilometer resolution that uses an algorithm based on a simple-averaging method. The algorithm calculates the average from all the cloud-free VJ221A1D and VJ221A1N daily acquisitions from the 8-day period. Unlike the VJ221A1 datasets where the daytime and nighttime acquisitions are separate products, the VJ221A2 contains both daytime and nighttime acquisitions as separate science dataset (SDS) variables within a single Hierarchical Data Format (HDF) file. The VJ221A2 product is developed synergistically with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) LST&E Version 6.1 product (MOD21A2) using the same input atmospheric products and algorithmic approach. The overall objective for NASA VIIRS products is to ensure the algorithms and products are compatible with the MODIS Terra and Aqua algorithms to promote the continuity of the Earth Observation System (EOS) mission. Additional details regarding the method used to create this Level 3 (L3) product are available in the Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD). The VJ221A2 product contains 11 variables: LST, quality control, view zenith angle, and time of observation for both day and night observations along with emissivity for bands M14, M15, and M16. Low-resolution browse images for day and night LST are also available for each VJ221A2 granule. Known Issues * For complete information about known issues please refer to the MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website and the User Guide.

This dataset provides annual cumulative precipitation derived from monthly land-surface precipitation from the Global Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) dataset. The GPCC data comes from rain-gauges built on GTS-based and historical data from January 1891 through December 2019, with ~85,000 stations world-wide that feature record durations of 10 years or longer. The data coverage per month varies from ~15,000 (before 6000) to more than 50,000 stations. The data is available globally at 0.25 × 0.25 degree resolution. The Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) is operated by Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD) under the auspices of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Annual cumulative precipitation

The quality layer gives an indication on the quality of the Land Surface Temperature (LST) input data. It shows the time between the date of the data file and the earlier remote sensing observation on which the data is based. The data is provided from January 2009 to 2023. **Data publication:** 2020-01-01 **Supplemental Information:** No data value: 255 Unit: day Map code: L1-QUAL-LST-D Scale Factor: 1 New dekadal data layers are released approximately 5 days after the end of a dekad. A higher quality version of the same data layer is uploaded after 6 dekads have passed. This final version of the dekadal dataset has a higher quality because gap filling and interpolation processes, where needed, have been based on more data observations. **Citation:** FAO 2018. WaPOR Database Methodology: Level 1. Remote Sensing for Water Productivity Technical Report: Methodology Series. Rome, FAO. 72 pages. Licence: CC BY 4.0 IGO **Contact points:** Metadata Contact: [WaPOR](mailto:wapor@fao.org) Resource Contact: [WaPOR](mailto:wapor@fao.org) **Data lineage:** The LST input uses each clear observation. For each clear LST observation a separate "observation quality" is calculated which is dependent on the viewing angle. Smaller viewing angles provide a better LST observation. For each day the following procedure is followed to calculate the LST: If there is no clear LST observation, then the previous value of LST is used. The observation quality is reduced 10% each day. If there is a clear LST observation then the new LST value will be a weighted mean of the previous observation and current observation, based on their observation quality. The Quality Indicator provides the number of days since the last clear observation, regardless of its observation quality. Data component developed through collaboration with the FRAME Consortium. More information can be found at: http://www.fao.org/in-action/remote-sensing-for-water-productivity/en/ **Resource constraints:** Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) **Online resources:** Download the data from Google Cloud Storage

The NOAA-21 Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) and Albedo white-sky albedo for band M3 (VJ243D69) is produced daily using 16 days of data at 30 arc second (1,000 meter) resolution. Data are temporally weighted to the ninth day, which is reflected in the file name. The VJ243D product suite is provided in a Climate Modeling Grid (CMG), which covers the entire globe for use in climate simulation models. Due to the large file size, each VJ243D product contains just one data layer. VJ243D54 through VJ243D79 are the albedo products of the VNP43D BRDF/Albedo product suite. Black-sky albedo (BSA) and white-sky albedo (WSA) values are provided for the nine VIIRS moderate resolution bands (M1 through M5, M7, M8, M10, and M11) along with the visible, near-infrared (NIR), and shortwave bands included in the VJ243MA3 product. In addition to the bands included in VJ243MA3, this product suite includes albedo values for the VIIRS Day/Night Band (DNB). The black-sky albedo (directional hemispherical reflectance) is defined as albedo in the absence of a diffuse component and is a function of solar zenith angle. White-sky albedo (bihemispherical reflectance) is defined as albedo in the absence of a direct component when the diffuse component is isotropic. Details regarding methodology are available on the VJ243MA3 product page and in the Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD). VJ143D69 is the WSA for VIIRS band M3 (0.488 μm). Known Issues * For complete information about known issues please refer to the MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website.

The NOAA-21 Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) and Albedo Black-Sky Albedo for Band M7 (VJ243D59) is produced daily using 16 days of data at 30 arc second (1,000 meter) resolution. Data are temporally weighted to the ninth day, which is reflected in the file name. The VJ243D product suite is provided in a Climate Modeling Grid (CMG), which covers the entire globe for use in climate simulation models. Due to the large file size, each VJ243D product contains just one data layer. VJ243D54 through VJ243D79 are the albedo products of the VJ243D BRDF/Albedo product suite. Black-sky albedo (BSA) and white-sky albedo (WSA) values are provided for the nine VIIRS moderate resolution bands (M1 through M5, M7, M8, M10, and M11) along with the visible, near-infrared (NIR), and shortwave bands included in the VJ243MA3 product. In addition to the bands included in VJ243MA3, this product suite includes albedo values for the VIIRS Day/Night Band (DNB). The black-sky albedo (directional hemispherical reflectance) is defined as albedo in the absence of a diffuse component and is a function of solar zenith angle. White-sky albedo (bihemispherical reflectance) is defined as albedo in the absence of a direct component when the diffuse component is isotropic. Details regarding methodology are available on the VJ243MA3 product page and in the Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD). VJ243D59 is the BSA for VIIRS band M7 (0.865 μm). Known Issues * For complete information about known issues please refer to the MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website.

The ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station (ECOSTRESS) mission measures the temperature of plants to better understand how much water plants need and how they respond to stress. ECOSTRESS is attached to the International Space Station (ISS) and collects data globally between 52° N and 52° S latitudes. The ECOSTRESS Gridded Surface Energy Balance Instantaneous L3 Global 70 m (ECO_L3G_SEB) Version 2 data product provides estimated incoming surface radiation (Rg) and net radiation (Rn) aligned with each daytime ECOSTRESS overpass. The Rg was generated using the Forest Light Environmental Simulator (FLiES) radiative transfer model implemented in an artificial neural network using Cloud Optical Thickness (COT) and Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) from Goddard Earth Observing System Version 5 (GEOS-5) Forward Processing (FP) along with albedo from ECOSTRESS Tiled Ancillary NDVI and Albedo Level 2 Global 70 m (ECO_L2T_STARS) Version 2 as variables. The Rg output from the FLiES model was bias corrected to Rg from GEOS-FP. The Rn is an output from the Breathing Earth System Simulator (BESS) algorithm. This data product is mosaicked from the L3 tiled SEB (ECO_L3T_SEB) product, projected to a globally snapped 0.0006° grid, and has a spatial resolution of 70 meters (m). The ECO_L3G_SEB Version 2 data product contains four layers distributed in an HDF5 format file including Rg, Rn, cloud mask, and water mask. Known Issues * Data acquisition gap: ECOSTRESS was launched on June 29, 2018, and moved to autonomous science operations on August 20, 2018, following a successful in-orbit checkout period. On September 29, 2018, ECOSTRESS experienced an anomaly with its primary mass storage unit (MSU). ECOSTRESS has a primary and secondary MSU (A and B). On December 5, 2018, the instrument was switched to the secondary MSU and science operations resumed. On March 14, 2019, the secondary MSU experienced a similar anomaly, temporarily halting science acquisitions. On May 15, 2019, a new data acquisition approach was implemented, and science acquisitions resumed. To optimize the new acquisition approach TIR bands 2, 4, and 5 are being downloaded. The data products are as previously, except the bands not downloaded contain fill values (L1 radiance and L2 emissivity). This approach was implemented from May 15, 2019, through April 28, 2023. * Data acquisition gap: From February 8 to February 16, 2020, an ECOSTRESS instrument issue resulted in a data anomaly that created striping in band 4 (10.5 micron). These data products have been reprocessed and are available for download. No ECOSTRESS data were acquired on February 17, 2020, due to the instrument being in SAFEHOLD. Data acquired following the anomaly have not been affected. * Data acquisition: ECOSTRESS has now successfully returned to 5-band mode after being in 3-band mode since 2019. This feature was successfully enabled following a Data Processing Unit firmware update (version 4.1) to the payload on April 28, 2023. To better balance contiguous science data scene variables, 3-band collection is currently being interleaved with 5-band acquisitions over the orbital day/night periods. * Missing Cloud Layer Alert: All users of ECOSTRESS Tiled and Gridded L3 Soil Moisture and Surface Energy Balance v002 products (ECO_L3T_SM, ECO_L3G_SM, ECO_L3T_SEB and ECO_L3G_SEB) should be aware that the ‘cloud mask’ layer may be unavailable for a select number of granules for the year 2023. Users are encouraged to get that information from the corresponding Level 2 Standard Cloud Mask products (ECO_L2_CLOUD and ECO_L2G_CLOUD) to assess if a pixel is clear or cloudy (see section 3 of the User Guide). * Solar Array Obstruction: Some ECOSTRESS scenes may be affected by solar array obstructions from the International Space Station (ISS), potentially impacting data quality of obstructed pixels. The 'FieldOfViewObstruction' metadata field is included in all Version 2 products to indicate possible obstructions: * Before October 24, 2024 (orbits prior to 35724): The field is present but was not populated and does not reliably identify affected scenes. * On or after October 24, 2024 (starting with orbit 35724): The field is populated and generally accurate, except for late December 2024, when a temporary processing error may have caused false positives. * A list of scenes confirmed to be affected by obstructions is available and is recommended for verifying historical data (before October 24, 2024) and scenes from late December 2024. * The ISS native pointing information is coarse relative to ECOSTRESS pixels, so ECOSTRESS geolocation is improved through image matching with a basemap. Metadata in the L1B_GEO file shows the success of this geolocation improvement, using categorizations "best", "good", "suspect", and "poor". We recommend that users use only "best" and "good" scenes for evaluations where geolocation is important (e.g., comparison to field sites). For some scenes, this metadata is not reflected in the higher-level products (e.g., land surface temperature, evapotranspiration, etc.). While this metadata is always available in the geolocation product, to save users additional download, we have produced a summary text file that includes the geolocation quality flags for all scenes from launch to present. At a later date, all higher-level products will reflect the geolocation quality flag correctly (the field name is GeolocationAccuracyQA). * During the time period of May 15th, 2025, through July 1st, 2025, ECOSTRESS data was noisier than expected. Cycling the payload resolved the issue, but researchers should use all levels of ECOSTRESS data acquired during this time period with caution. * Coarse Resolution Artifacts: Users may sometimes observe coarse resolution (~500m - 1km) artifacts in the L3 and L4 gridded and tiled products. These artifacts are caused by corresponding artifacts within the ECO_L2T_STARS Version 2 data product. The ECO_L2T_STARS product is produced through a data fusion of Suomi NPP VIIRS (~500 m - 1 km resolution) and Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2 (HLS, 30 m) products. When there is significant temporal lag between HLS acquisitions, the VIIRS data dominates, which can produce coarse resolution artifacts in the ECO_L2T_STARS product. This typically corresponds to relatively large uncertainty values.

The NOAA-20 Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) and Albedo Model Parameter 2 Band M7 product (VJ143D17) is produced daily using 16 days of data at 30 arc second (1,000 meter) resolution. Data are temporally weighted to the ninth day, which is reflected in the file name. The VJ143D product suite is provided in a Climate Modeling Grid (CMG), which covers the entire globe for use in climate simulation models. Due to the large file size, each VJ143D product contains just one data layer. Each of the three model parameters (isotropic, volumetric, and geometric) for each of the nine VIIRS moderate resolution bands along with the visible, near-infrared (NIR), and shortwave bands included in the VJ143MA1 product is stored in a separate file as VJ143D01 through VJ143D36. In addition to the bands included in VJ143MA1, this product suite includes model parameters for the VIIRS Day/Night Band (DNB) as VJ143D37 through VJ143D39. Details regarding methodology are available on the VJ143MA1 product page and in the Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD). VJ143D17 is the BRDF volumetric parameter for VIIRS band M7 (0.865 μm). The volumetric parameter, in conjunction with the isotropic and geometric parameters, is used to derive the BRDF/Albedo values for VIIRS band M7. Known Issues * For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website]( https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue). Improvements/Changes from Previous Versions The NOAA-20 VIIRS algorithms include the same improvements as the S-NPP VIIRS V002 * Improved calibration algorithm and better coefficients for entire NOAA-20 mission * Improved geolocation accuracy and updates to fix outliers around maneuver periods and other events * Corrections to the aerosol quantity flag (low, average, high) mainly over brighter surfaces in the mid to high latitudes such as desert and tropical vegetation areas. This has an impact on the retrieval of other downstream data products such as VJ113 Vegetation Indices and VJ143 BRDF/Albedo. * Improved cloud mask input product for corrections along coastlines and artifacts from use of coarse resolution climatology data * Replaced the land/water mask input product with MODIS heritage seven class land/water mask

The NOAA-20 Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) and Albedo Valid Observation Band M5 product (VJ143D46) is produced daily using 16 days of data at 30 arc second (1,000 meter) resolution. Data are temporally weighted to the ninth day, which is reflected in the file name. The VJ143D product suite is provided in a Climate Modeling Grid (CMG), which covers the entire globe for use in climate simulation models. Due to the large file size, each VJ143D product contains just one data layer for each of the parameters included in the VJ143MA2 product. VJ143D40 through VJ143D53 are the 30 arc second BRDF/Albedo Quality values, the Local Solar Noon values, the Valid Observations of the moderate resolution bands (M1 through M5, M7, M8, M10, and M11) plus the Day/Night Band (DNB), the Snow Status, and the Uncertainty. Details regarding methodology are available on the VJ143MA2 product page and in the Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD). VJ143D46 contains the valid observation quality layer representing each of the 16 days of the retrieval period for VIIRS band M5. Known Issues * For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website]( https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue).

Relative humidity at 09h (local time) at a height of 2 metres above the surface. This variable describes the amount of water vapour present in air expressed as a percentage of the amount needed for saturation at the same temperature. This dataset provides daily surface meteorological data for the period from 1979 to present as input for agriculture and agro-ecological studies. This dataset is based on the hourly ECMWF ERA5 data at surface level and is referred to as AgERA5. Acquisition and pre-processing of the original ERA5 data is a complex and specialized job. By providing the AgERA5 dataset, users are freed from this work and can directly start with meaningful input for their analyses and modelling. References: https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets The Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) aims to combine observations of the climate system with the latest science to develop authoritative, quality-assured information about the past, current and future states of the climate in Europe and worldwide. ECMWF operates the Copernicus Climate Change Service on behalf of the European Union and will bring together expertise from across Europe to deliver the service. **Data publication:** 2021-01-30 **Data revision:** 2021-10-05 **Supplemental Information:** No data value: -9999 Unit : % Scale Factor : 1.0 Map code : AGERA5-RH09 **Contact points:** Metadata Contact: ECMWF - European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Resource Contact: ECMWF Support Portal **Data lineage:** Agrometeorological data were aggregated to daily time steps at the local time zone and corrected towards a finer topography at a 0.1° spatial resolution. The correction to the 0.1° grid was realized by applying grid and variable-specific regression equations to the ERA5 dataset interpolated at 0.1° grid. The equations were trained on ECMWF's operational high-resolution atmospheric model (HRES) at a 0.1° resolution. This way the data is tuned to the finer topography, finer land use pattern and finer land-sea delineation of the ECMWF HRES model. **Resource constraints:** **License Permission** This License is free of charge, worldwide, non-exclusive, royalty free and perpetual. Access to Copernicus Products is given for any purpose in so far as it is lawful, whereas use may include, but is not limited to: reproduction; distribution; communication to the public; adaptation, modification and combination with other data and information; or any combination of the foregoing. Where the Licensee communicates or distributes Copernicus Products to the public, the Licensee shall inform the recipients of the source by using the following or any similar notice: - Generated using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [Year] and/or - Generated using Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information [Year] More information on Copernicus License at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ **Online resources:** Download the data from Google Cloud Storage Download the data from File-Browser

Developed by Deltares, WRI, and WWF, with support from Google.org, the Water, Peace, and Security Partnership, and the European Space Agency, the platform monitors thousands of water bodies worldwide. Using advanced Earth Observation data and algorithms, it monitors water availability globally, and provides critical insights to help decision-makers manage climate risks and extreme weather events.

This dataset shows the average annual surface air temperature anomaly from 1850 to present, compared to a 1951-1980 baseline time period. In other words, this dataset shows how much cooler or warmer each year is compared to the average surface air temperature from 1951-1980. This dataset is available at 1 degree (°) spatial resolution and covers increasing amounts of the Earth’s surface: approximately 57% in 1850, 75% in 1880, 95% in 1960, and 99.9% by 2015. The dataset is shown in degrees Celsius (°C).Surface air temperature is defined as the temperature of the air near the surface of the earth and is generally measured by weather stations. Surface air temperatures are influenced by solar radiation, weather, surface materials, topography, and climate. Surface air temperature anomalies are used to track the change in surface air temperature from a baseline, in this case a 30 year average temperature from 1951-1980. Short-term changes in surface air temperature can have an impact on plants, animals, and humans in those areas. Long-term changes in surface air temperature are used to measure climate change and global warming (Berkeley Earth). Climate change is a long-term change in the average weather patterns that have come to define Earth’s local, regional and global climates. Global warming is the long-term heating of Earth’s climate system observed since the pre-industrial period (between 1850 and 1900) due to human activities, primarily fossil fuel burning, which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth’s atmosphere (NASA).This dataset was created by combining the Berkeley Earth monthly land surface air temperature estimates with the Hadley Centre Sea Surface Temperature 3 dataset (HadSST3). Berkeley Earth was founded in 2010 with the goal of addressing the major concerns of climate change skeptics regarding global warming and the land surface temperature record. Berkeley Earth uses this dataset to measure changes in global air surface temperature and climate change. Annual average surface air temperature anomaly, compared to the 1951-1980 average