LandMark: Indigenous Peoples' and local communities' lands and territories

The LandMark Indigenous and Community Lands dataset is the product of an on-going initiative to map and document the collectively held and used lands and natural resources of Indigenous Peoples and local communities globally (landmarkmap.org). LandMark aggregates maps from numerous local, national, and regional sources into one standardized global dataset based on identity (Indigenous Peoples or local community) and legal recognition status (acknowledged or not acknowledged by government). These areas are displayed as polygons (boundaries) or locational points (when boundaries are not available). The dataset is not complete – experts believe that 50% or more of the world’s land is held or used by Indigenous Peoples and local communities, while coverage of this dataset is a fraction of this; therefore, the absence of data does not mean an absence of indigenous or community land. Data contributions can be submitted to LandMark(). Categories of LandMark Indigenous and community lands are defined as follows: - Indigenous Lands - Acknowledged by Government: lands that are recognized in law as being held or used by peoples who self-identify as indigenous - Indigenous Lands - Not acknowledged by Government: lands that are held or used by peoples who self-identify as indigenous, but the lands are not recognized as such in law; includes lands that are in process of obtaining recognition or customary tenure with no recognition in process - Community Lands - Acknowledged by Government: lands that are recognized in law as being held or used by local communities - Community Lands - Not acknowledged by Government: lands that are held or used by local communities, but the lands are not recognized as such in law; includes lands that are in process of obtaining recognition or customary tenure with no recognition in process - Indicative Areas of Indigenous and Community Lands: areas where indigenous- and community-held lands are likely to exist, but the clear delimitation and/or recognition status of these lands is not currently available. The purpose of this category is to promote awareness of the extent of Indigenous Peoples’ and local communities’ lands even in the absence of detailed demarcation data. More information about the data and typology can be found on LandMark’s [methodology page](). Depicts Indigenous Peoples’ and local communities’ lands and territories (polygon), classified according to a standard global typology based on identity (Indigenous or community) and legal recognition status.

Geographic point layer representing all the people of concern's known locations in the world ( Refugees, Internally displaced, Stateless persons and other of concern). The data is displayed by population type and location type (typology adapted from the SPHERE handbook standard).

Global land polygon layer at 1:10 million scale from Natural Earth, representing all land areas including major islands. Used as a base map land mask for cartographic production, spatial analysis, and overlay with other global datasets. Use this layer for land/sea masking, continental mapping, and as a reference base for thematic global maps. No additional information provided.

Terrestrial protected areas are totally or partially protected areas of at least 1,000 hectares that are designated by national authorities as scientific reserves with limited public access, national parks, natural monuments, nature reserves or wildlife sanctuaries, protected landscapes, and areas managed mainly for sustainable use. Marine areas, unclassified areas, littoral (intertidal) areas, and sites protected under local or provincial law are excluded.

Time series of annual global maps of land use and land cover (LULC). It currently has data from 2017-2023. The maps are derived from ESA Sentinel-2 imagery at 10m resolution. Each map is a composite of LULC predictions for 9 classes throughout the year in order to generate a representative snapshot of each year. This dataset, produced by Impact Observatory, Microsoft, and Esri, displays a global map of land use and land cover (LULC) derived from ESA Sentinel-2 imagery at 10 meter resolution for the years 2017 - 2023. Each map is a composite of LULC predictions for 9 classes throughout the year in order to generate a representative snapshot of each year. This dataset was generated by Impact Observatory, which used billions of human-labeled pixels (curated by the National Geographic Society) to train a deep learning model for land classification. Each global map was produced by applying this model to the Sentinel-2 annual scene collections from the Mircosoft Planetary Computer. Each of the maps has an assessed average accuracy of over 75%. These maps have been improved from Impact Observatory’s previous release and provide a relative reduction in the amount of anomalous change between classes, particularly between “Bare” and any of the vegetative classes “Trees,” “Crops,” “Flooded Vegetation,” and “Rangeland”. This updated time series of annual global maps is also re-aligned to match the ESA UTM tiling grid for Sentinel-2 imagery. All years are available under a Creative Commons BY-4.0.

This polygon dataset contains labels for Hawaiian Home Lands, published by the US Census Bureau. Each feature represents a home land area, identified by its name in the NAME column, such as Princess Kahanu Estates Hawaiian Home Land, Kakaina-Kumuhau Hawaiian Home Land, and Kalaeloa Hawaiian Home Land. The data covers Hawaii in the United States.