Average Land Surface Temperature by NPA

This data represents metrics displayed on the 2040 Plan Implementation Dashboard along with select Variable data form Quality of Life (QOL) data that

The Council initiated a Climate Vulnerability Assessment in response to the increased frequency of extreme heat and flooding events associated with climate change. The Land Surface Temperature raster dataset is intended for planning and alternatives analysis. This work supports regional climate mitigation and resiliency planning efforts. The Land Surface Temperature (LST) raster dataset is a dataset derived from a satellite image from Landsat 8 to show the land surface temperature for the seven-county metropolitan region of the Twin Cities, in degrees Fahrenheit. In essence, this map shows how hot the ground was to the touch at any given location. This satellite image was taken at 11:59 am CDT on July 22, 2016. At this time, the air temperature was 90F with a heat index of 90.3F, as taken at the Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport (Minneapolis-St Paul International Airport, 2016). This was the third day of a regional heat wave, and while temperatures overnight had dipped down to around 74F, temperatures had climbed up to a maximum temperature of 97F by around 5-6pm, resulting in the hottest day in roughly three years (Midwestern Regional Climate Center, 2016). The original thermal image was taken at a 100 x 100 meter resolution, but was re-scaled and processed at the 30 x 30 meter scale. Landsat 8 collects image data at a spatial resolution of 30 meters (visible, NIR, SWIR); 100 meters (thermal); and 15 meters (panchromatic). This Landsat 8 raster image was first used to create a NDVI raster dataset. Using that NDVI dataset with Bands 10 and 11 of the Landsat 8 raster dataset, a Land Surface Temperature raster can be derived. That raster is further processed from celsius to fahrenheit, then clipped to the 7-county metropolitan area, and all water bodies removed from the final image.  The LST values without regional water bodies is the primary basis for the Metropolitan Council Climate Vulnerability Assessment Report. Part of this report specifically considers the urban heat island effect, or the effect of human activity and the built environment on increases in urban temperature on human life, and as water has different heat retention properties than most land surfaces, we chose to do our analysis without regional water bodies. It should be noted that the lowest original LST values were water bodies, and so by removing the water bodies from the map the minimum LST value raised 0.6F. This is not particularly significant, except that it would minimally affect which values would be highlighted in the third layer of this package.

Overview This layer, prepared by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC), represents mean monthly temperature values for the month of August across North America for the 1981–2010 climatological reference period, in degrees Celsius. The layer is part of a 12-raster-file (one per month) dataset derived from a kilometer-scale climate product generated using the CHELSA downscaling model, and represents long-term climatological means. The North American monthly temperature layers were derived from the CHELSA Climatologies v2.1 dataset, which is based on statistically downscaled temperature and precipitation data at a spatial resolution of 30 arc-seconds (~1 km). CHELSA (Climatologies at High Resolution for the Earth's Land Surface Areas) applies a statistical downscaling approach to atmospheric temperature fields to produce high-resolution climate surfaces. Additional technical details on the downscaling methodology and derived climate predictors are provided in: Karger, D. N., Conrad, O., Böhner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R. W., Zimmermann, N. E., Linder, H. P., & Kessler, M. (2017). Climatologies at high resolution for the Earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data, 4, 170122. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.122 Geographic Coverage The coverage spans North America, including Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Data Sources and Licensing Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC). Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL). Karger et al. (2017). The data is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), allowing redistribution and adaptation with appropriate attribution. Update frequency: Irregular Limitations of use: None. Acknowledgment of the Commission for Environmental Cooperation and the (CHELSA) initiative at the Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL (Land Change Science group) would be appreciated in products derived from these data. Vintage: 1981-2010 Applications (Intended Use) Analyzing spatial and seasonal patterns of monthly temperature across North America. Supporting climate, hydrological, and water-resource research and planning. Informing agricultural and ecological modeling and land-use planning. Integration with other thematic layers in the North American Environmental Atlas for continental-scale analysis. Supporting environmental cooperation and policy-making among Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Files Download

The goal of the updated map is to show the heat differences across the region and is not intended to show the maximum temperature that any specific area can reach. An updated timestamp (2022 vs. 2016) and finer grained resolution (10m vs. 30m) improves the utility of the data for planning purposes. The LST dataset from 2016 can be accessed via the Minnesota Geospatial Commons. High resolution (10 meter) land surface temperature (LST) from September 1, 2022 is mapped for the seven-county metropolitan region of the Twin Cities. The goal of the map is to show the heat differences across the region and is not intended to show the maximum temperature that any specific area can reach. The raster dataset was computed at 30 meters using satellite imagery from Landsat 9 and downscaled to 10 meters using Copernicus Sentinel-2. These datasets were integrated using techniques modified from Ermida et al. 2020 and Onačillová et al. 2022). Open water was removed using ancillary data from OpenStreetMap and 2020 Generalized Land Use for the Twin Cities (Metropolitan Council).  First, Landsat 9 imagery taken at 11:59 am CDT on September 01, 2022 was processed into 30-meter resolution LST (based on Ermida et al. 2020). At this time, the air temperature was 88° F at the Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport (NOAA). A model predicting LST based on spectral indices of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) was created and applied to 10-meter Sentenel-2 imagery. Sentinel-2 imagery was also taken on September 1, 2022, and this resulted in a 10-meter downscaled LST image (based on Onačillová et al. 2022). To account for anomalies in NDVI on the primary image date of September 1 (e.g., recently harvested agricultural fields), maximum NDVI occurring between July 1, 2022 and September 1, 2022 was used for both Landsat and Sentinel image processing. Water bodies were removed for all processing steps (OpenStreetMap 2023, Metropolitan Council 2021).  This dataset is an update to the 2016 LST data for the Twin Cities Region (Metropolitan Council).  The code to create and processes this dataset is available at: https://github.com/Metropolitan-Council/extreme.heat  Sources:  Ermida, S.L., Soares, P., Mantas, V., Göttsche, F.-M., Trigo, I.F., 2020. Google Earth Engine open-source code for Land Surface Temperature estimation from the Landsat series. Remote Sensing, 12 (9), 1471; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12091471.  Metropolitan Council. 2021. Generalized Land Use 2020. Minnesota Geospatial Commons. https://gisdata.mn.gov/dataset/us-mn-state-metc-plan-generl-lnduse2020  Metropolitan Council. 2017. Land Surface Temperature for Climate Vulnerability Analysis. Minnesota Geospatial Commons. https://gisdata.mn.gov/dataset/us-mn-state-metc-env-cva-lst2016  NOAA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, station USW00014922. September 1, 2022.  Onačillová, K., Gallay, M., Paluba, D., Péliová, A., Tokarčík, O., Laubertová, D. 2022. Combining Landsat 8 and Sentinel 2 data in Google Earth Engine to derive higher resolution land surface temperature maps in urban environment. Remote Sensing, 14 (16), 4076. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14164076.  OpenStreetMap contributors. 2023. Retrieved from https://planet.openstreetmap.org on April 12, 2023.

This dataset was generated to publish a geospatial inventory of Development near Transit Stations in Charlotte North, Carolina. These data reflect development near and around Charlotte Area Transit System's mass transit infrastructure current and future.

Overview This layer, prepared by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC), represents mean monthly temperature values for the month of June across North America for the 1981–2010 climatological reference period, in degrees Celsius. The layer is part of a 12-raster-file (one per month) dataset derived from a kilometer-scale climate product generated using the CHELSA downscaling model, and represents long-term climatological means. The North American monthly temperature layers were derived from the CHELSA Climatologies v2.1 dataset, which is based on statistically downscaled temperature and precipitation data at a spatial resolution of 30 arc-seconds (~1 km). CHELSA (Climatologies at High Resolution for the Earth's Land Surface Areas) applies a statistical downscaling approach to atmospheric temperature fields to produce high-resolution climate surfaces. Additional technical details on the downscaling methodology and derived climate predictors are provided in: Karger, D. N., Conrad, O., Böhner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R. W., Zimmermann, N. E., Linder, H. P., & Kessler, M. (2017). Climatologies at high resolution for the Earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data, 4, 170122. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.122 Geographic Coverage The coverage spans North America, including Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Data Sources and Licensing Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC). Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL). Karger et al. (2017). The data is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), allowing redistribution and adaptation with appropriate attribution. Update frequency: Irregular Limitations of use: None. Acknowledgment of the Commission for Environmental Cooperation and the (CHELSA) initiative at the Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL (Land Change Science group) would be appreciated in products derived from these data. Vintage: 1981-2010 Applications (Intended Use) Analyzing spatial and seasonal patterns of monthly temperature across North America. Supporting climate, hydrological, and water-resource research and planning. Informing agricultural and ecological modeling and land-use planning. Integration with other thematic layers in the North American Environmental Atlas for continental-scale analysis. Supporting environmental cooperation and policy-making among Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Files Download