OPERA Dynamic Surface Water eXtent (DSWx) for Hurricane Helene in September 2024

Date of Images: May 5, 2024, August 9, 2024, August 21, 2024 Summary: The Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis (ARIA) and Observational Products for End-Users from Remote Sensing Analysis (OPERA) teams at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and California Institute of Technology derived the surface water extent maps from Sentinel-1. The results posted here are preliminary and unvalidated results, primarily intended to aid the field response and people who wanted to have a rough first look at the inundation extent. The ARIA-share website has always focused on posting preliminary results as fast as possible for disaster response. Suggested Use: The OPERA DSWx-S1 products classifies the OPERA Radiometric Terrain Corrected SAR backscatter from Sentinel-1 (RTC-S1) input imagery into: not water, water, and inundated vegetation with the masks such as layover/shadow mask and HAND mask. The WTR layer includes all classes. Open water and inundated vegetation are represented in blue and green in WTR. Areas with masks are gray. The masks include the layover/shadow mask and HAND mask. Areas with no water detected are transparent. Transparent: Not Water Blue: Water Green: Inundated Vegetation Gray: Layover/Shadow/Hand Masks Satellite/Sensor: Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) instrument on European Space Agency's (ESA) Sentinel-1A satellite Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2 (HLS): MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI) on European Space Agency's (ESA) Copernicus Sentinel-2A/2B satellites and Operational Land Imager (OLI) on the NASA/USGS Landsat 8 satellite Resolution: 30 meters The DSWx-S1 products have these flags: 250 (light gray) and 251 (dark gray) represent HAND and layover/shadow masks, respectively. HAND mask (light gray, value 250) delineates regions where the terrain's elevation exceeds a specified threshold relative to the height above the nearest drainage point, indicating areas less likely to be subject to direct inundation. Layover/shadow mask (dark gray, value 251) identifies zones that are either occluded by topographic features taller than the surrounding landscape (layover) or are not illuminated by the radar signal due to obstruction by these elevated features (shadow), leading to potential data voids in SAR imagery. Credits: NASA JPL-Caltech ARIA/OPERA Team Sentinel-1 data were accessed through the Copernicus Open Hub and the Alaska Satellite Facility server. The product contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2024), processed by the European Space Agency and analyzed by the NASA-JPL/Caltech ARIA and OPERA team. The products are produced as part of the OPERA project, which is funded by NASA to address remote sensing needs identified by the Satellite Needs Working Group, and managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The OPERA DSWx products have been in production since September 2024, are freely distributed to the public via NASA's Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center (PO.DAAC), and can be downloaded through NASA's Earthdata search. For more information about the Dynamic Surface Water eXtent product suite, please refer to the DSWx Product page: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/go/opera/products/dswx-product-suite. For more information about the Caltech-JPL ARIA project, visit https://aria.jpl.nasa.gov. For more information about the JPL OPERA project, visit https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/go/opera.

Date of Images: Pre-Landfall: HLS: 9/27/2024 - 10/7/2024 Sentinel-1: 10/3/2024, 10/8/2024 Post-Landfall: Sentinel-1: 10/10/2024, 10/11/2024 Summary: The Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis (ARIA) and Observational Products for End-Users from Remote Sensing Analysis (OPERA) teams at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and California Institute of Technology derived the surface water extent maps from the OPERA Dynamic Surface Water Extent (DSWx) from NASA Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2 (HLS) and Sentinel-1 (DSWx-S1) products. The results posted here are preliminary and unvalidated results, primarily intended to aid the field response and people who wanted to have a rough first look at the inundation extent. The ARIA-share website has always focused on posting preliminary results as fast as possible for disaster response. OPERA DSWx-S1 The OPERA DSWx-S1 data identifies surface water and inundated vegetation. We provide the Water (WTR) layers. Images are provided from 1) October 3, 2024, 2) October 8, 2024, 3) October 10, 2024, and 4) October 11, 2024. Each image consists of multiple MGRS tiles that were merged together for a composite image saved as a GeoTIFF file. ARIA/OPERA water change map derived from OPERA DSWx-S1 The ARIA/OPERA water change map is derived from two OPERA DSWx-S1 Binary Water (BWTR) images. Change maps are made for images taken on October 3, 2024 and October 11, 2024 and for October 8, 2024, and October 11, 2024. The BWTR combines inundated vegetation and open water into a single water class. These maps depict areas of new water detection (or loss). The change map includes values of: (0) indicate no change between images, (1) absence of water pre-event, presence of water during-event, and (-1) presence of water pre-event, absence of water during-event. OPERA DSWx-HLS The OPERA DSWx-HLS was used to identify surface water using the WTR layer. 378 images were examined from 2024-09-27 to 2024-10-07, prioritizing pixels classified as open surface water. Pixels flagged as snow/ice in the HLS Fmask were reclassified to water. The mosaic image consists of multiple MGRS tiles that were merged together for a composite image saved as a GeoTIFF file. Suggested Use: OPERA DSWx-S1 The OPERA DSWx-S1 products classifies the OPERA Radiometric Terrain Corrected SAR backscatter from Sentinel-1 (RTC-S1) input imagery into: not water, water, and inundated vegetation with the masks such as layover/shadow mask and HAND mask. The WTR layer includes all classes. Open water and inundated vegetation are represented in blue and green in WTR. Areas with masks are gray. The masks include the layover/shadow mask and HAND mask. Areas with no water detected are transparent. Transparent: Not Water Blue: Water Green: Inundated Vegetation Gray: Layover/Shadow/Hand Masks ARIA/OPERA water change map derived from OPERA DSWx-S1 The ARIA/OPERA water extent change map classifies water extent into change/no change. Transparent (0): No Change Red (1): increased water extent Gray (-1): decreased water extent OPERA DSWx-HLS-WTR The OPERA DSWx-HLS Water product classifies the Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2 (HLS) input imagery into "not water", "open surface water", and "partial surface water". The "HLS cloud/cloud shadow" and "HLS snow/ice" layers are direct inputs from the HLS FMask. Transparent (0): No Water Blue (1): Open Water Light Blue (2): Partial Surface Water Gray (253): HLS Cloud/Cloud Shadow This layer is meant to provide users with a quick view for water/no-water. Invalid data classes (snow/ice and cloud/cloud shadow along with adjacent to cloud/cloud shadow) are also provided to indicate areas in which the water classification does not provide water/no-water classification. Note: Sediment rich water is sometimes misclassified as snow/ice by the HLS Fmask. As such, we have reclassified any of the snow/ice pixels to water for these images. For more information about how the OPERA DSWx-HLS Water product classifies data: https://d2pn8kiwq2w21t.cloudfront.net/documents/ProductSpec_DSWX_URS309746.pdf Satellite/Sensor: Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) instrument on European Space Agency's (ESA) Sentinel-1A satellite Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2 (HLS): MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI) on European Space Agency's (ESA) Copernicus Sentinel-2A/2B satellites and Operational Land Imager (OLI) on the NASA/USGS Landsat 8 satellite Resolution: 30 meters The DSWx-S1 products have these flags: 250 (light gray) and 251 (dark gray) represent HAND and layover/shadow masks, respectively. HAND mask (light gray, value 250) delineates regions where the terrain's elevation exceeds a specified threshold relative to the height above the nearest drainage point, indicating areas less likely to be subject to direct inundation. Layover/shadow mask (dark gray, value 251) identifies zones that are either occluded by topographic features taller than the surrounding landscape (layover) or are not illuminated by the radar signal due to obstruction by these elevated features (shadow), leading to potential data voids in SAR imagery. Credits: NASA JPL-Caltech ARIA/OPERA Team Sentinel-1 data were accessed through the Copernicus Open Hub and the Alaska Satellite Facility server. The product contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2024), processed by the European Space Agency and analyzed by the NASA-JPL/Caltech ARIA and OPERA team. The products are produced as part of the OPERA project, which is funded by NASA to address remote sensing needs identified by the Satellite Needs Working Group, and managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. HLS data was accessed through NASA EarthData Search. The product contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2024), processed by the European Space Agency, NASA/USGS Landsat 8 data, and analyzed by the NASA-JPL/Caltech ARIA and OPERA team. The products are produced as part of the OPERA project, which is funded by NASA to address remote sensing needs identified by the Satellite Needs Working Group, and managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The OPERA DSWx products have been in production since September 2024, are freely distributed to the public via NASA's Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center (PO.DAAC), and can be downloaded through NASA's Earthdata search. For more information about the Dynamic Surface Water eXtent product suite, please refer to the DSWx Product page: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/go/opera/products/dswx-product-suite. For more information about the Caltech-JPL ARIA project, visit https://aria.jpl.nasa.gov. For more information about the JPL OPERA project, visit https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/go/opera. Data Download: https://aria-share.jpl.nasa.gov/20241010-Hurricane_Milton/DSWx/ Service URL: https://gis.earthdata.nasa.gov/portal/home/item.html?id=84fe3b39b6ac482e8e8de954eb4677fe WMS: https://gis.earthdata.nasa.gov/portal/services/DISASTERS_202410_HURRICANE_MILTON/2428_opera_dswx_hls/ImageServer/WMSServer

Date of Images Post-event: 2026-06-21, 2026-06-28 Summary: The Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis (ARIA) and Observational Products for End-Users from Remote Sensing Analysis (OPERA) teams at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and the California Institute of Technology produced maps showing areas affected by flooding in Louisiana using the OPERA Dynamic Surface Water Extent from Sentinel-1 (DSWx-S1) product. These maps provide an initial view of the surface water extent observed following the flood event. The results presented here are preliminary and unvalidated, intended primarily to support situational awareness and field response efforts. The ARIA-Share platform emphasizes rapid dissemination of satellite-based products for disaster response. All information is provisional and should be used under emergency response guidelines. These data are provided without warranty of any kind. Use at your own risk. OPERA DSWx-S1 The OPERA DSWx-S1 was used to identify surface water for the flooding event. The images provided are a mosaic of OPERA DSWx-S1 products, producing a composite image for each date. The mosaicking applied prioritized pixels classified as open surface water to preserve water pixels in region of product granule overlap. The images are provided as GeoTIFF files. Water (WTR) Layer Description: Masked interpreted water classification layer. This represents pixel-wise classification into one of three water classes (not water, open water and inundated vegetation), masks (HAND mask and layover/shadow mask), or no data classes. Water (WTR) and Binary Water (BWTR) Layer Values: 0: Not Water - an area with valid data that is not open water (class 1), inundated vegetation (class 3), height above nearest drainage masked (class 250), or layover/shadow masked (class 251). Masking can result in "not water" (class 0) where land cover masking is applied (suggested color: #ffffff) 1: Open Water - an area that is entirely water and unobstructed to the sensor, including obstructions by vegetation, terrain, and buildings. (suggested color: #0000ff) 3: Inundated vegetation - an area that is considered inundated, extracted from the high value in dual polarization ratio and the wetland class in land cover map. (suggested color: #00ff00) 250: Height Above Nearest Drainage (HAND) masked - an area where topographic height is higher than the HAND threshold (suggested color: #c8c8c8) 251: Layover/shadow masked - an area identified as layover or shadow computed from the geometry of the digital elevation model and sensor. The area is directly copied from input burst RTC-S1 products (suggested color: #808080) 255: No data (suggested color: transparent) Satellite/Sensor: Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) instrument on European Space Agency's (ESA) Sentinel-1A satellite. Resolution: 30 meters OPERA DSWx-S1 data availability The post-processed products are available to download at https://aria-share.jpl.nasa.gov/20251012_Alaska_Floods/DSWx-S1/. The OPERA DSWx-S1 products have been in production since September 2024, are freely distributed to the public via NASA's Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center (PO.DAAC), and can be downloaded through NASA's Earthdata search. For more information about the Dynamic Surface Water eXtent product suite, please refer to the DSWx Product page: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/go/opera/products/dswx-product-suite. For more information about the Caltech-JPL ARIA project, visit https://aria.jpl.nasa.gov. For more information about the JPL OPERA project, visit https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/go/opera/. REST Endpoint: See URL on the right. Product POCs: Cole Speed (cole.speed@jpl.nasa.gov) Mary Grace Bato (mary.grace.p.bato@jpl.nasa.gov) Ines Fenni (ines.fenni@jpl.nasa.gov) Alexander Handwerger (alexander.handwerger@jpl.nasa.gov) Renato Frasson (renato.prata.de.moraes.frasson@jpl.nasa.gov) Credits: Sentinel-1 data were accessed through the Copernicus Open Hub and the Alaska Satellite Facility server. The product contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2026), processed by the European Space Agency and analyzed by the NASA-JPL/Caltech ARIA and OPERA team. The products are produced as part of the OPERA project, which is funded by NASA to address remote sensing needs identified by the Satellite Needs Working Group, and managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA JPL-Caltech ARIA/OPERA Team ==================

Date of Images: Pre-Landfall: HLS: 9/27/2024 - 10/7/2024 Sentinel-1: 10/3/2024, 10/8/2024 Post-Landfall: Sentinel-1: 10/10/2024, 10/11/2024 Summary: The Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis (ARIA) and Observational Products for End-Users from Remote Sensing Analysis (OPERA) teams at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and California Institute of Technology derived the surface water extent maps from the OPERA Dynamic Surface Water Extent (DSWx) from NASA Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2 (HLS) and Sentinel-1 (DSWx-S1) products. The results posted here are preliminary and unvalidated results, primarily intended to aid the field response and people who wanted to have a rough first look at the inundation extent. The ARIA-share website has always focused on posting preliminary results as fast as possible for disaster response. OPERA DSWx-S1 The OPERA DSWx-S1 data identifies surface water and inundated vegetation. We provide the Water (WTR) layers. Images are provided from 1) October 3, 2024, 2) October 8, 2024, 3) October 10, 2024, and 4) October 11, 2024. Each image consists of multiple MGRS tiles that were merged together for a composite image saved as a GeoTIFF file. ARIA/OPERA water change map derived from OPERA DSWx-S1 The ARIA/OPERA water change map is derived from two OPERA DSWx-S1 Binary Water (BWTR) images. Change maps are made for images taken on October 3, 2024 and October 11, 2024 and for October 8, 2024, and October 11, 2024. The BWTR combines inundated vegetation and open water into a single water class. These maps depict areas of new water detection (or loss). The change map includes values of: (0) indicate no change between images, (1) absence of water pre-event, presence of water during-event, and (-1) presence of water pre-event, absence of water during-event. OPERA DSWx-HLS The OPERA DSWx-HLS was used to identify surface water using the WTR layer. 378 images were examined from 2024-09-27 to 2024-10-07, prioritizing pixels classified as open surface water. Pixels flagged as snow/ice in the HLS Fmask were reclassified to water. The mosaic image consists of multiple MGRS tiles that were merged together for a composite image saved as a GeoTIFF file. Suggested Use: OPERA DSWx-S1 The OPERA DSWx-S1 products classifies the OPERA Radiometric Terrain Corrected SAR backscatter from Sentinel-1 (RTC-S1) input imagery into: not water, water, and inundated vegetation with the masks such as layover/shadow mask and HAND mask. The WTR layer includes all classes. Open water and inundated vegetation are represented in blue and green in WTR. Areas with masks are gray. The masks include the layover/shadow mask and HAND mask. Areas with no water detected are transparent. Transparent: Not Water Blue: Water Green: Inundated Vegetation Gray: Layover/Shadow/Hand Masks ARIA/OPERA water change map derived from OPERA DSWx-S1 The ARIA/OPERA water extent change map classifies water extent into change/no change. Transparent (0): No Change Red (1): increased water extent Gray (-1): decreased water extent OPERA DSWx-HLS-WTR The OPERA DSWx-HLS Water product classifies the Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2 (HLS) input imagery into "not water", "open surface water", and "partial surface water". The "HLS cloud/cloud shadow" and "HLS snow/ice" layers are direct inputs from the HLS FMask. Transparent (0): No Water Blue (1): Open Water Light Blue (2): Partial Surface Water Gray (253): HLS Cloud/Cloud Shadow This layer is meant to provide users with a quick view for water/no-water. Invalid data classes (snow/ice and cloud/cloud shadow along with adjacent to cloud/cloud shadow) are also provided to indicate areas in which the water classification does not provide water/no-water classification. Note: Sediment rich water is sometimes misclassified as snow/ice by the HLS Fmask. As such, we have reclassified any of the snow/ice pixels to water for these images. For more information about how the OPERA DSWx-HLS Water product classifies data: https://d2pn8kiwq2w21t.cloudfront.net/documents/ProductSpec_DSWX_URS309746.pdf Satellite/Sensor: Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) instrument on European Space Agency's (ESA) Sentinel-1A satellite Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2 (HLS): MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI) on European Space Agency's (ESA) Copernicus Sentinel-2A/2B satellites and Operational Land Imager (OLI) on the NASA/USGS Landsat 8 satellite Resolution: 30 meters The DSWx-S1 products have these flags: 250 (light gray) and 251 (dark gray) represent HAND and layover/shadow masks, respectively. HAND mask (light gray, value 250) delineates regions where the terrain's elevation exceeds a specified threshold relative to the height above the nearest drainage point, indicating areas less likely to be subject to direct inundation. Layover/shadow mask (dark gray, value 251) identifies zones that are either occluded by topographic features taller than the surrounding landscape (layover) or are not illuminated by the radar signal due to obstruction by these elevated features (shadow), leading to potential data voids in SAR imagery. Credits: NASA JPL-Caltech ARIA/OPERA Team Sentinel-1 data were accessed through the Copernicus Open Hub and the Alaska Satellite Facility server. The product contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2024), processed by the European Space Agency and analyzed by the NASA-JPL/Caltech ARIA and OPERA team. The products are produced as part of the OPERA project, which is funded by NASA to address remote sensing needs identified by the Satellite Needs Working Group, and managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. HLS data was accessed through NASA EarthData Search. The product contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2024), processed by the European Space Agency, NASA/USGS Landsat 8 data, and analyzed by the NASA-JPL/Caltech ARIA and OPERA team. The products are produced as part of the OPERA project, which is funded by NASA to address remote sensing needs identified by the Satellite Needs Working Group, and managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The OPERA DSWx products have been in production since September 2024, are freely distributed to the public via NASA's Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center (PO.DAAC), and can be downloaded through NASA's Earthdata search. For more information about the Dynamic Surface Water eXtent product suite, please refer to the DSWx Product page: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/go/opera/products/dswx-product-suite. For more information about the Caltech-JPL ARIA project, visit https://aria.jpl.nasa.gov. For more information about the JPL OPERA project, visit https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/go/opera. Data Download: https://aria-share.jpl.nasa.gov/20241010-Hurricane_Milton/DSWx/ Esri REST Endpoint:

Date of Images Post-event: 2026-06-21 Summary: The Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis (ARIA) and Observational Products for End-Users from Remote Sensing Analysis (OPERA) teams at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and the California Institute of Technology produced maps showing areas affected by flooding in Louisiana using the OPERA Dynamic Surface Water Extent from Sentinel-1 (DSWx-S1) product. These maps provide an initial view of the surface water extent observed following the flood event. The results presented here are preliminary and unvalidated, intended primarily to support situational awareness and field response efforts. The ARIA-Share platform emphasizes rapid dissemination of satellite-based products for disaster response. All information is provisional and should be used under emergency response guidelines. These data are provided without warranty of any kind. Use at your own risk. OPERA DSWx-S1 The OPERA DSWx-S1 was used to identify surface water for the flooding event. The images provided are a mosaic of OPERA DSWx-S1 products, producing a composite image for each date. The mosaicking applied prioritized pixels classified as open surface water to preserve water pixels in region of product granule overlap. The images are provided as GeoTIFF files. Water (WTR) Layer Description: Masked interpreted water classification layer. This represents pixel-wise classification into one of three water classes (not water, open water and inundated vegetation), masks (HAND mask and layover/shadow mask), or no data classes. Water (WTR) and Binary Water (BWTR) Layer Values: 0: Not Water - an area with valid data that is not open water (class 1), inundated vegetation (class 3), height above nearest drainage masked (class 250), or layover/shadow masked (class 251). Masking can result in "not water" (class 0) where land cover masking is applied (suggested color: #ffffff) 1: Open Water - an area that is entirely water and unobstructed to the sensor, including obstructions by vegetation, terrain, and buildings. (suggested color: #0000ff) 3: Inundated vegetation - an area that is considered inundated, extracted from the high value in dual polarization ratio and the wetland class in land cover map. (suggested color: #00ff00) 250: Height Above Nearest Drainage (HAND) masked - an area where topographic height is higher than the HAND threshold (suggested color: #c8c8c8) 251: Layover/shadow masked - an area identified as layover or shadow computed from the geometry of the digital elevation model and sensor. The area is directly copied from input burst RTC-S1 products (suggested color: #808080) 255: No data (suggested color: transparent) Satellite/Sensor: Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) instrument on European Space Agency's (ESA) Sentinel-1A satellite. Resolution: 30 meters OPERA DSWx-S1 data availability The post-processed products are available to download at https://aria-share.jpl.nasa.gov/20251012_Alaska_Floods/DSWx-S1/. The OPERA DSWx-S1 products have been in production since September 2024, are freely distributed to the public via NASA's Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center (PO.DAAC), and can be downloaded through NASA's Earthdata search. For more information about the Dynamic Surface Water eXtent product suite, please refer to the DSWx Product page: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/go/opera/products/dswx-product-suite. For more information about the Caltech-JPL ARIA project, visit https://aria.jpl.nasa.gov. For more information about the JPL OPERA project, visit https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/go/opera/. REST Endpoint: See URL on the right. Product POCs: Cole Speed (cole.speed@jpl.nasa.gov) Mary Grace Bato (mary.grace.p.bato@jpl.nasa.gov) Ines Fenni (ines.fenni@jpl.nasa.gov) Alexander Handwerger (alexander.handwerger@jpl.nasa.gov) Renato Frasson (renato.prata.de.moraes.frasson@jpl.nasa.gov) Credits: Sentinel-1 data were accessed through the Copernicus Open Hub and the Alaska Satellite Facility server. The product contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2026), processed by the European Space Agency and analyzed by the NASA-JPL/Caltech ARIA and OPERA team. The products are produced as part of the OPERA project, which is funded by NASA to address remote sensing needs identified by the Satellite Needs Working Group, and managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA JPL-Caltech ARIA/OPERA Team ==================

Date of Images: May 5, 2024, August 9, 2024, August 21, 2024 Summary: The Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis (ARIA) and Observational Products for End-Users from Remote Sensing Analysis (OPERA) teams at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and California Institute of Technology derived the surface water extent maps from Sentinel-1. The results posted here are preliminary and unvalidated results, primarily intended to aid the field response and people who wanted to have a rough first look at the inundation extent. The ARIA-share website has always focused on posting preliminary results as fast as possible for disaster response. Suggested Use: The OPERA DSWx-S1 products classifies the OPERA Radiometric Terrain Corrected SAR backscatter from Sentinel-1 (RTC-S1) input imagery into: not water, water, and inundated vegetation with the masks such as layover/shadow mask and HAND mask. The WTR layer includes all classes. Open water and inundated vegetation are represented in blue and green in WTR. Areas with masks are gray. The masks include the layover/shadow mask and HAND mask. Areas with no water detected are transparent. Transparent: Not Water Blue: Water Green: Inundated Vegetation Gray: Layover/Shadow/Hand Masks Satellite/Sensor: Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) instrument on European Space Agency's (ESA) Sentinel-1A satellite Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2 (HLS): MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI) on European Space Agency's (ESA) Copernicus Sentinel-2A/2B satellites and Operational Land Imager (OLI) on the NASA/USGS Landsat 8 satellite Resolution: 30 meters The DSWx-S1 products have these flags: 250 (light gray) and 251 (dark gray) represent HAND and layover/shadow masks, respectively. HAND mask (light gray, value 250) delineates regions where the terrain's elevation exceeds a specified threshold relative to the height above the nearest drainage point, indicating areas less likely to be subject to direct inundation. Layover/shadow mask (dark gray, value 251) identifies zones that are either occluded by topographic features taller than the surrounding landscape (layover) or are not illuminated by the radar signal due to obstruction by these elevated features (shadow), leading to potential data voids in SAR imagery. Credits: NASA JPL-Caltech ARIA/OPERA Team Sentinel-1 data were accessed through the Copernicus Open Hub and the Alaska Satellite Facility server. The product contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2024), processed by the European Space Agency and analyzed by the NASA-JPL/Caltech ARIA and OPERA team. The products are produced as part of the OPERA project, which is funded by NASA to address remote sensing needs identified by the Satellite Needs Working Group, and managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The OPERA DSWx products have been in production since September 2024, are freely distributed to the public via NASA's Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center (PO.DAAC), and can be downloaded through NASA's Earthdata search. For more information about the Dynamic Surface Water eXtent product suite, please refer to the DSWx Product page: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/go/opera/products/dswx-product-suite. For more information about the Caltech-JPL ARIA project, visit https://aria.jpl.nasa.gov. For more information about the JPL OPERA project, visit https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/go/opera. Service URL: https://gis.earthdata.nasa.gov/portal/home/item.html?id=feb8ab36293f4bcfa20ca61e54fa1298 WMS Endpoint: https://gis.earthdata.nasa.gov/portal/services/DISASTERS_202408_FLOOD_BANGLADESH/2423_opera_dswx_s1/ImageServer/WMSServer