Greenhouse baseline assessment (Lebanon, 2024)

A geospatial damage assessment was carried out to evaluate the impact of the 2023–2024 conflict on greenhouses in Lebanon. In addition to the remote sensing analysis, visual interpretation using very high-resolution (VHR) satellite imagery from WorldView-2 (50 cm) and WorldView-3 (30 cm), was undertaken comparing images from before October 2023 and 2024 in four of the most conflict-affected governorates. The map depicts the distribution of damaged greenhouse areas using a hexagonal grid for the two visual interpretations. Overall, a 3.4 percent difference of damaged greenhouses was observed between visually interpreted points and delineated greenhouses. Two independent assessments were conducted with less than 3 percent difference. **Data creation:** 2024-12-31 **Supplemental Information:** This greenhouse assessment was conducted as part of a collaborative effort between FAO-NSL, CNRS, and UNOSAT/UNITAR, with CNRS providing essential data to update the assessment. More information can be found at https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd5246en **Contact points:** Resource Contact: [Matieu Henry](mailto:Matieu.Henry@fao.org) Metadata Contact: [Geospatial Unit](mailto:gis-manager@fao.org) **Resource constraints:** This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence (CC-BY-4.0) **Online resources:** Shapefile, QGIS project, and SLD file for Greenhouse damage assessment (Lebanon, 2024) Fact-sheet: Greenhouse damage assessment during the conflict across Lebanon in 2024

Damage to greenhouses due to the conflict in Gaza as of 30 April 2025. Utilizing a baseline greenhouse layer prepared by FAO in 2021 and very high-resolution satellite imagery, UNOSAT updated the baseline for 2023, prior to the recent conflict escalation, and conducted an assessment of the number and area of greenhouses in the Gaza Strip. **Data creation:** 2025-04-30 **Supplemental Information:** More information can be found at https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd5504en **Contact points:** Resource Contact: [Matieu Henry](mailto:Matieu.Henry@fao.org) Metadata Contact: [Geospatial Unit](mailto:gis-manager@fao.org) **Data lineage:** WorldView-2 (50 cm) and WorldView-3 (30 cm) imagery from 1 May 2023, 10 May 2023, 18 September 2023 were used for pre-conflict imagery. A thorough evaluation of damage to greenhouses was performed, comparing pre-conflict imagery with very high-resolution WorldView-2 imagery from 18 April 2025 and WorldView-3 imagery from 28 April 2025. The grid depicts the damaged area of greenhouses in each tile. **Resource constraints:** This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence (CC-BY-4.0) **Online resources:** Download: Damage to greenhouse (Gaza, Palestine - April 2025) Download: Gaza Strip damage assessments as of April 2025 (Excel tables) Fact-sheet: Damage to greenhouses due to the conflict in the Gaza Strip as of 30 April 2025

A geospatial impact assessment was conducted to detect the significant negative changes of vegetation cover for cropland during the conflict of 2023-2024 in Lebanon. The assessment used the baseline period of October 2019 to 7th October 2023 compared to October 2024 without field validation. Land cover and cropland data are critical resources for analysing the status of agricultural land. Sentinel-2 satellite imagery (10m resolution) was utilized for establishing baseline land cover for 2023. This map depicts the severity of damage in localized areas for cropland. Each hexagon shows the total cropland area with negative change. **Data creation:** 2025-09-15 **Supplemental Information:** This assessment was conducted in collaboration between FAO-NSL and CNRS, where the cropland/crop category datasets are derived from previous LULC maps produced by CNRS. Datasets for negative vegetation cover changes in other crop categories are also available: [Negative vegetation cover changes in olive plantation (Lebanon, October 2024)]( https://data.apps.fao.org/catalog/dataset/d9dcfdd8-7b7e-466b-b481-d18f482beda7) [Negative vegetation cover changes in field crops & grape field (Lebanon, October 2024)]( https://data.apps.fao.org/catalog/iso/8e66aef8-db2d-463a-bbc4-1e1e8f3678f7) [Negative vegetation cover changes in cereals (Lebanon, October 2024)]( https://data.apps.fao.org/catalog/dataset/92eb5e26-7117-4e2f-9ee7-c0ef882ebe0e) [Negative vegetation cover changes in fruit tree orchard (Lebanon, October 2024)]( https://data.apps.fao.org/catalog/dataset/e344d2d0-20f3-4773-a60d-9e3280139170) More information on the damage to cropland and cropland categories can be found in the following fact-sheets: - Cropland with negative vegetation cover changes during the conflict in Lebanon as of October 2024 - Crop categories with negative vegetation cover changes during the conflict in Lebanon as of October 2024 **Citation:** FAO. [YYYY (year of last update)]. [Name of database: Name of dataset OR Name of database]. [Accessed on [DD Month YYYY]]. [URL] Licence: CC-BY-4.0 **Contact points:** Resource Contact: [Matieu Henry](mailto:Matieu.Henry@fao.org) Metadata Contact: [Geospatial Unit](mailto:gis-manager@fao.org) **Data lineage:** Landsat 7 and 8 imageries (30m resolution) were used to analyse negative vegetation changes. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to compare cropland conditions between the baseline and the October 2024 periods. Additionally, very high-resolution Maxar satellite imagery (<0.5 m) was used to calibrate the impact assessment model for cropland. **Resource constraints:** This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence (CC-BY-4.0) **Online resources:** Fact-sheet: Cropland with negative vegetation cover changes during the conflict in Lebanon as of October 2024

A geospatial impact assessment was conducted to detect the significant negative changes of vegetation cover for evergreen forest during the conflict of 2023-2024 in Lebanon. The assessment used the baseline period of October 2019 to 7th October 2023 compared to October 2024 without field validation. Land cover and forest categories data are critical resources for analysing the status of forests. Sentinel-2 satellite imagery (10m resolution) was utilized for establishing baseline land cover for 2023. This map depicts the severity of damage in localized areas for evergreen forest. Each hexagon shows the total evergreen forest area with negative change. **Data creation:** 2025-09-15 **Supplemental Information:** Datasets for negative vegetation cover changes in forest categories are also available: [Negative vegetation cover changes in deciduous forest (Lebanon, October 2024)]( https://data.apps.fao.org/catalog/dataset/699c121e-3209-4eeb-983e-224f1a23c5ea) More information on the damage to forest categories can be found in the following publications: - Fact-sheet: Forest categories with negative vegetation cover changes during the conflict in Lebanon as of October 2024 - [Report: Assessing vegetation changes in agriculture and forestry during the conflict in Lebanon – October 2023 to October 2024]( https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd5364en) **Contact points:** Metadata Contact: [Geospatial Unit](mailto:gis-manager@fao.org) Resource Contact: [Matieu Henry](mailto:Matieu.Henry@fao.org) **Data lineage:** Landsat 7 and 8 imageries (30m resolution) were used to analyse negative vegetation changes. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to compare forest categories conditions between the baseline and the October 2024 periods. Additionally, very high-resolution Maxar satellite imagery (<0.5 m) was used to calibrate the impact assessment model for different forest categories (evergreen and deciduous). **Resource constraints:** This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence (CC-BY-4.0) **Online resources:** Fact-sheet: Forest categories with negative vegetation cover changes during the conflict in Lebanon as of October 2024

Damage to greenhouses due to the conflict in Gaza as of 5 October 2025. Utilizing a baseline greenhouse layer prepared by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in 2021 and very high-resolution satellite imagery, the United Nations Satellite Centre (UNOSAT) updated the baseline for 2023, prior to the recent conflict escalation, and conducted an assessment of the area and number of greenhouses in the Gaza Strip. **Data creation:** 2025-10-31 **Supplemental Information:** More information can be found at https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd7339en **Contact points:** Resource Contact: [Matieu Henry](mailto:Matieu.Henry@fao.org) Metadata Contact: [Geospatial Unit](mailto:gis-manager@fao.org) **Data lineage:** WorldView-2 (50 cm) and WorldView-3 (30 cm) imagery from 1 May 2023, 10 May 2023 and 18 September 2023 were used for pre-conflict imagery. A thorough evaluation of damage to greenhouses was performed, comparing pre-conflict imagery with very high-resolution WorldView-2 imagery from 29 September and 5 October 2025, and WorldView-3 imagery from 22 September 2025. The grid depicts the damaged area of greenhouses in each tile. **Resource constraints:** This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence (CC-BY-4.0) **Online resources:** Download: Damage to greenhouse (Gaza, Palestine - October 2025) Download: Gaza Strip damage assessments as of October 2025 (Excel tables) Fact-sheet: Damage to greenhouses due to the conflict in the Gaza Strip as of 5 October 2025

A geospatial impact assessment was conducted to detect the significant negative changes of vegetation cover for olive plantation during the conflict of 2023-2024 in Lebanon. The assessment used the baseline period of October 2019 to 7th October 2023 compared to October 2024 without field validation. Land cover and cropland data are critical resources for analysing the status of agricultural land. Sentinel-2 satellite imagery (10m resolution) was utilized for establishing baseline land cover for 2023. This map depicts the severity of damage in localized areas for olive plantation. Each hexagon shows the total olive plantation area with negative change. Changed **Data creation:** 2025-09-15 **Supplemental Information:** This assessment was conducted in collaboration between FAO-NSL and CNRS, where the cropland/crop category datasets are derived from previous LULC maps produced by CNRS. Datasets for negative vegetation cover changes in other crop categories are also available, along with the aggregated dataset on cropland: [Negative vegetation cover changes in field crops & grape field (Lebanon, October 2024)]( https://data.apps.fao.org/catalog/iso/8e66aef8-db2d-463a-bbc4-1e1e8f3678f7) [Negative vegetation cover changes in cereals (Lebanon, October 2024)]( https://data.apps.fao.org/catalog/dataset/92eb5e26-7117-4e2f-9ee7-c0ef882ebe0e) [Negative vegetation cover changes in fruit tree orchard (Lebanon, October 2024)]( https://data.apps.fao.org/catalog/dataset/e344d2d0-20f3-4773-a60d-9e3280139170) Negative vegetation cover changes in cropland (Lebanon, October 2024) More information on the damage to cropland and cropland categories can be found in the following fact-sheets: - Cropland with negative vegetation cover changes during the conflict in Lebanon as of October 2024 - Crop categories with negative vegetation cover changes during the conflict in Lebanon as of October 2024 **Contact points:** Resource Contact: [Matieu Henry](mailto:Matieu.Henry@fao.org) Metadata Contact: [Geospatial Unit](mailto:gis-manager@fao.org) **Data lineage:** Landsat 7 and 8 imageries (30m resolution) were used to analyse negative vegetation changes. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to compare cropland conditions between the baseline and the October 2024 periods. Additionally, very high-resolution Maxar satellite imagery (<0.5 m) was used to calibrate the impact assessment model for cropland. **Resource constraints:** This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence (CC-BY-4.0) **Online resources:** Fact-sheet: Crop categories with negative vegetation cover changes during the conflict in Lebanon as of October 2024