Greenhouse damage assessment (Lebanon, 2024)

This greenhouse baseline in Lebanon before the 2023-2024 conflict was generated by using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery with a resolution of 10 meters. The baseline map is part of a geospatial damage assessment carried out to evaluate the impact of the 2023–2024 conflict across Lebanon on the greenhouses in the country. The overall accuracy of remote sensing analysis was 94 percent. In addition to the remote sensing analysis, visual interpretation using VHR was undertaken in four governorates. The map represents the distribution of greenhouse areas in a hexagonal grid. **Data creation:** 2024-12-31 **Supplemental Information:** This greenhouse assessment was conducted as part of a collaborative effort between FAO-NSL, CNRS, and UNOSAT/UNITAR, with CNRS providing essential data to update the assessment. More information can be found at https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd5071en **Contact points:** Resource Contact: [Matieu Henry](mailto:Matieu.Henry@fao.org) Metadata Contact: [Geospatial Unit](mailto:gis-manager@fao.org) **Data lineage:** Nearly 3000 training data were collected using very high-resolution (VHR) satellite imagery (WorldView-2 [50 cm], WorldView-3 [30cm] and Google Earth), and available greenhouse area delineations for four governorates. Separability metrics for various indices were calculated for seasonal composites, including but not limited to the Plastic Greenhouse Index (PGHI), the Advanced Plastic Greenhouse Index (APGI) and the Plastic-Mulched Land Cover Index (PMLI). **Resource constraints:** This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence (CC-BY-4.0) **Online resources:** Shapefile for Greenhouse baseline assessment (Lebanon, 2024) Fact-sheet: Greenhouse baseline assessment during the conflict across Lebanon in 2024

Damage to greenhouses due to the conflict in Gaza as of 30 April 2025. Utilizing a baseline greenhouse layer prepared by FAO in 2021 and very high-resolution satellite imagery, UNOSAT updated the baseline for 2023, prior to the recent conflict escalation, and conducted an assessment of the number and area of greenhouses in the Gaza Strip. **Data creation:** 2025-04-30 **Supplemental Information:** More information can be found at https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd5504en **Contact points:** Resource Contact: [Matieu Henry](mailto:Matieu.Henry@fao.org) Metadata Contact: [Geospatial Unit](mailto:gis-manager@fao.org) **Data lineage:** WorldView-2 (50 cm) and WorldView-3 (30 cm) imagery from 1 May 2023, 10 May 2023, 18 September 2023 were used for pre-conflict imagery. A thorough evaluation of damage to greenhouses was performed, comparing pre-conflict imagery with very high-resolution WorldView-2 imagery from 18 April 2025 and WorldView-3 imagery from 28 April 2025. The grid depicts the damaged area of greenhouses in each tile. **Resource constraints:** This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence (CC-BY-4.0) **Online resources:** Download: Damage to greenhouse (Gaza, Palestine - April 2025) Download: Gaza Strip damage assessments as of April 2025 (Excel tables) Fact-sheet: Damage to greenhouses due to the conflict in the Gaza Strip as of 30 April 2025

Damage to greenhouses due to the conflict in Gaza as of 5 October 2025. Utilizing a baseline greenhouse layer prepared by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in 2021 and very high-resolution satellite imagery, the United Nations Satellite Centre (UNOSAT) updated the baseline for 2023, prior to the recent conflict escalation, and conducted an assessment of the area and number of greenhouses in the Gaza Strip. **Data creation:** 2025-10-31 **Supplemental Information:** More information can be found at https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd7339en **Contact points:** Resource Contact: [Matieu Henry](mailto:Matieu.Henry@fao.org) Metadata Contact: [Geospatial Unit](mailto:gis-manager@fao.org) **Data lineage:** WorldView-2 (50 cm) and WorldView-3 (30 cm) imagery from 1 May 2023, 10 May 2023 and 18 September 2023 were used for pre-conflict imagery. A thorough evaluation of damage to greenhouses was performed, comparing pre-conflict imagery with very high-resolution WorldView-2 imagery from 29 September and 5 October 2025, and WorldView-3 imagery from 22 September 2025. The grid depicts the damaged area of greenhouses in each tile. **Resource constraints:** This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence (CC-BY-4.0) **Online resources:** Download: Damage to greenhouse (Gaza, Palestine - October 2025) Download: Gaza Strip damage assessments as of October 2025 (Excel tables) Fact-sheet: Damage to greenhouses due to the conflict in the Gaza Strip as of 5 October 2025

A geospatial impact assessment was conducted to detect the significant negative changes of vegetation cover for cropland during the conflict of 2023-2024 in Lebanon. The assessment used the baseline period of October 2019 to 7th October 2023 compared to October 2024 without field validation. Land cover and cropland data are critical resources for analysing the status of agricultural land. Sentinel-2 satellite imagery (10m resolution) was utilized for establishing baseline land cover for 2023. This map depicts the severity of damage in localized areas for cropland. Each hexagon shows the total cropland area with negative change. **Data creation:** 2025-09-15 **Supplemental Information:** This assessment was conducted in collaboration between FAO-NSL and CNRS, where the cropland/crop category datasets are derived from previous LULC maps produced by CNRS. Datasets for negative vegetation cover changes in other crop categories are also available: [Negative vegetation cover changes in olive plantation (Lebanon, October 2024)]( https://data.apps.fao.org/catalog/dataset/d9dcfdd8-7b7e-466b-b481-d18f482beda7) [Negative vegetation cover changes in field crops & grape field (Lebanon, October 2024)]( https://data.apps.fao.org/catalog/iso/8e66aef8-db2d-463a-bbc4-1e1e8f3678f7) [Negative vegetation cover changes in cereals (Lebanon, October 2024)]( https://data.apps.fao.org/catalog/dataset/92eb5e26-7117-4e2f-9ee7-c0ef882ebe0e) [Negative vegetation cover changes in fruit tree orchard (Lebanon, October 2024)]( https://data.apps.fao.org/catalog/dataset/e344d2d0-20f3-4773-a60d-9e3280139170) More information on the damage to cropland and cropland categories can be found in the following fact-sheets: - Cropland with negative vegetation cover changes during the conflict in Lebanon as of October 2024 - Crop categories with negative vegetation cover changes during the conflict in Lebanon as of October 2024 **Citation:** FAO. [YYYY (year of last update)]. [Name of database: Name of dataset OR Name of database]. [Accessed on [DD Month YYYY]]. [URL] Licence: CC-BY-4.0 **Contact points:** Resource Contact: [Matieu Henry](mailto:Matieu.Henry@fao.org) Metadata Contact: [Geospatial Unit](mailto:gis-manager@fao.org) **Data lineage:** Landsat 7 and 8 imageries (30m resolution) were used to analyse negative vegetation changes. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to compare cropland conditions between the baseline and the October 2024 periods. Additionally, very high-resolution Maxar satellite imagery (<0.5 m) was used to calibrate the impact assessment model for cropland. **Resource constraints:** This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence (CC-BY-4.0) **Online resources:** Fact-sheet: Cropland with negative vegetation cover changes during the conflict in Lebanon as of October 2024

A geospatial impact assessment was conducted to detect the significant negative changes of vegetation cover for field crops & grape field during the conflict of 2023-2024 in Lebanon. The assessment used the baseline period of October 2019 to 7th October 2023 compared to October 2024 without field validation. Land cover and cropland data are critical resources for analysing the status of agricultural land. Sentinel-2 satellite imagery (10m resolution) was utilized for establishing baseline land cover for 2023. This map depicts the severity of damage in localized areas for field crops and grape field. Each hexagon shows the total field crops & grape field area with negative change. **Data creation:** 2025-09-15 **Supplemental Information:** This assessment was conducted in collaboration between FAO-NSL and CNRS, where the cropland/crop category datasets are derived from previous LULC maps produced by CNRS. Datasets for negative vegetation cover changes in other crop categories are also available, along with the aggregated dataset on cropland: [Negative vegetation cover changes in olive plantation (Lebanon, October 2024)]( https://data.apps.fao.org/catalog/dataset/d9dcfdd8-7b7e-466b-b481-d18f482beda7) [Negative vegetation cover changes in cereals (Lebanon, October 2024)]( https://data.apps.fao.org/catalog/dataset/92eb5e26-7117-4e2f-9ee7-c0ef882ebe0e) [Negative vegetation cover changes in fruit tree orchard (Lebanon, October 2024)]( https://data.apps.fao.org/catalog/dataset/e344d2d0-20f3-4773-a60d-9e3280139170) Negative vegetation cover changes in cropland (Lebanon, October 2024) More information on the damage to cropland and cropland categories can be found in the following fact-sheets: - Cropland with negative vegetation cover changes during the conflict in Lebanon as of October 2024 - Crop categories with negative vegetation cover changes during the conflict in Lebanon as of October 2024 **Contact points:** Resource Contact: [Matieu Henry](mailto:Matieu.Henry@fao.org) Metadata Contact: [Geospatial Unit](mailto:gis-manager@fao.org) **Data lineage:** Landsat 7 and 8 imageries (30m resolution) were used to analyse negative vegetation changes. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to compare cropland conditions between the baseline and the October 2024 periods. Additionally, very high-resolution Maxar satellite imagery (<0.5 m) was used to calibrate the impact assessment model for cropland. **Resource constraints:** This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence (CC-BY-4.0) **Online resources:** Fact-sheet: Crop categories with negative vegetation cover changes during the conflict in Lebanon as of October 2024

A geospatial impact assessment was conducted to detect the significant negative changes of vegetation cover for cereals during the conflict of 2023-2024 in Lebanon. The assessment used the baseline period of October 2019 to 7th October 2023 compared to October 2024 without field validation. Land cover and cropland data are critical resources for analysing the status of agricultural land. Sentinel-2 satellite imagery (10m resolution) was utilized for establishing baseline land cover for 2023. This map depicts the severity of damage in localized areas for cereals. Each hexagon shows the total cereals area with negative change. **Data creation:** 2025-09-15 **Supplemental Information:** This assessment was conducted in collaboration between FAO-NSL and CNRS, where the cropland/crop category datasets are derived from previous LULC maps produced by CNRS. Datasets for negative vegetation cover changes in other crop categories are also available, along with the aggregated dataset on cropland: [Negative vegetation cover changes in olive plantation (Lebanon, October 2024)]( https://data.apps.fao.org/catalog/dataset/d9dcfdd8-7b7e-466b-b481-d18f482beda7) [Negative vegetation cover changes in field crops & grape field (Lebanon, October 2024)]( https://data.apps.fao.org/catalog/iso/8e66aef8-db2d-463a-bbc4-1e1e8f3678f7) [Negative vegetation cover changes in fruit tree orchard (Lebanon, October 2024)]( https://data.apps.fao.org/catalog/dataset/e344d2d0-20f3-4773-a60d-9e3280139170) Negative vegetation cover changes in cropland (Lebanon, October 2024) More information on the damage to cropland and cropland categories can be found in the following fact-sheets: - Cropland with negative vegetation cover changes during the conflict in Lebanon as of October 2024 - Crop categories with negative vegetation cover changes during the conflict in Lebanon as of October 2024 **Contact points:** Resource Contact: [Matieu Henry](mailto:Matieu.Henry@fao.org) Metadata Contact: [Geospatial Unit](mailto:gis-manager@fao.org) **Data lineage:** Landsat 7 and 8 imageries (30m resolution) were used to analyse negative vegetation changes. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to compare cropland conditions between the baseline and the October 2024 periods. Additionally, very high-resolution Maxar satellite imagery (<0.5 m) was used to calibrate the impact assessment model for cropland. **Resource constraints:** This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence (CC-BY-4.0) **Online resources:** Fact-sheet: Crop categories with negative vegetation cover changes during the conflict in Lebanon as of October 2024