Line of Sight Surface Displacement Maps on (NISAR) for the Venezuela Earthquakes

Displacement maps from Sentinel-1 ascending track 033, acquired on 2026/06/25 Dates of Images: June 24, 2026; June 25, 2026 Summary: EARTHQUAKE OVERVIEW (Source: USGS): On June 24, 2026, northwestern and central Venezuela was struck by two large strike-slip earthquakes occurring just 39 seconds apart: Foreshock: Magnitude 7.2 at 22:04:33 (UTC), located 23 km SE of Yumare, Venezuela Mainshock: Magnitude 7.5 at 22:05:11 (UTC), located 28 km SE of Yumare, Venezuela (10.435°N, 68.472°W) Scientists working with the Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis (ARIA) team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and California Institute of Technology, both in Pasadena, California, created these displacement maps with measurements of surface displacements caused by the earthquake sequence. The maps were derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images from the Copernicus Sentinel-1 satellites, operated by the European Space Agency (ESA). The team computed the phase difference between a post-event image acquired on June 25, 2026 (reference scene) with a pre-event image acquired on June 18, 2026 (secondary scene), on Sentinel-1 ascending (satellite moving north) track 033. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) measures ground movement toward or away from the satellite. Sentinel-1 views the ground from the side at about 40° from vertical. On ascending passes, it travels slightly west of north (heading ≈ 348° or −12°) and looks to the east. On descending passes, it travels slightly southwest (heading ≈ 192°) and looks to the west. The full dataset covers an area centered on the earthquake epicenter. Each pixel measures approximately 30 meters across. Suggested Use: Line-of-Sight Displacement (Venezuela_S1_A033_20260618_20260625_UNW.tif): Unwrapped phase data converted to metric displacement along the radar line-of-sight. Positive values (blue) indicate ground movement towards from the satellite (uplift and/or westward motion), while negative values (red) indicate movement away from the satellite (subsidence and/or eastward motion). Units: meters. The dataset has been re-referenced to a stable point at coordinates (-68.5435°, 10.9696°). Areas of low coherence and water bodies have been masked. Wrapped Phase (Venezuela_S1_A033_20260618_20260625_WRP.tif): Wrapped phase map showing relative ground deformation where each "fringe" or complete color cycle represents approximately 2.8 cm of displacement along the line-of-sight (half the Sentinel-1 C-band wavelength of 5.56 cm). The color progression from (outward to inward) red, orange, yellow, green, and blue indicates ground is moving away from the satellite, blue, green,yellow, orange, and red means ground is moving towards the satellite. This visualization is useful for identifying the spatial pattern and magnitude of deformation. Range Offset (Venezuela_S1_A033_20260618_20260625_RNG.tif): Across-track (range direction) pixel offsets measured through amplitude cross-correlation. This represents ground displacement perpendicular to the satellite flight path, predominantly capturing east-west motion. Positive values (blue) indicate westward movement, negative values (red) indicate eastward movement. Units: meters. Water bodies and areas outside the valid data frame have been masked. Interferometric Coherence (Venezuela_S1_A033_20260618_20260625_COH.tif): Measures the similarity of the radar phase between the two SAR acquisitions, indicating the reliability of the interferometric phase used to estimate ground displacement. Values range from 0 (decorrelated, unreliable) to 1 (highly correlated, reliable). Data Sources and Satellite Specifications: Water masking: ESA World Cover 2021 land cover dataset was used to mask permanent water bodies Orbit direction: Ascending (A) - satellite moving north Track number: 033 Wavelength: 5.56 cm (C-band) Spatial resolution: 30 meters Reference point: -68.5435°E, 10.9696°N Temporal baseline: 7 days (June 18-25, 2026) Caveats: The InSAR ground displacement results posted here are preliminary results, primarily intended to aid field response and provide rapid assessment of earthquake-induced surface deformation. These preliminary products may or may not be suitable for detailed scientific analysis without further validation. This displacement map should be used as guidance to identify areas of significant ground displacement, and may be less reliable over snow-covered and vegetated areas, steep terrain, or regions that experienced surface changes between acquisitions. The Sentinel-1 data products contain modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2026), processed by the European Space Agency and analyzed at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. For more information about ARIA, visit: http://aria.jpl.nasa.gov Credits: Sentinel-1 data were accessed through the Copernicus Open Hub and the Alaska Satellite Facility server. The product contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2026), processed by the European Space Agency and analyzed by the NASA-JPL/Caltech ARIA and OPERA team. The products are produced as part of the OPERA project, which is funded by NASA to address remote sensing needs identified by the Satellite Needs Working Group, and managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Grace Bato, Cole Speed, Eric Fielding Esri REST Endpoint: See URL to the right

Date of Image: Sentinel 1 UNW: 2/21/2023 Sentinel-1 RNG & AZI: 2/9/2023 JAXA ALOS-2 UNW, AZI & RNG: 2/8/2025 Summary: Scientists working with Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis (ARIA) team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and California Institute of Technology, both in Pasadena, California, created this displacement map with measurements of the surface displacements, in the radar line-of-sight, caused by the major earthquake in Turkiye. NOTE: The line-of-sight displacement (LOS) measurement is relative, and the dataset has not been calibrated to any ground location so there is a bias of the reference level, which is unknown. This data has not yet been validated. This displacement map should be used as guidance to identify areas of significant ground displacement, and may be less reliable over snow-covered and vegetated areas. SENTINEL-1: The map was derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images from the Copernicus Sentinel-1 satellites, operated by the European Space Agency (ESA). The team computed the interferometric difference (interferogram or interferometric SAR) between the post-event and pre-event images on the Sentinel-1 ascending (satellite moving north) track 14. The interferometric SAR (InSAR) measures the component of surface displacement in the line-of-sight (LOS) between the ground and the satellite, which is at an angle of about 40 degrees from the vertical and slightly south of due west. Sentinel 1 UNW: post-event image from 2/21, pre-event image from 2/9. Sentinel 1 RNG & AZI: post-event image from 2/9, pre-event image 1/28. JAXA ALOS-2: The maps were derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images from the ALOS-2 L-band operated by the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) ALOS-2 SAR satellite. The team computed the interferometric difference (interferogram or interferometric SAR) and pixel offset tracking between the post-event image acquired on February 8, 2023 with a pre-event image acquired on April 6, 2022, on the ALOS-2 descending (satellite moving south) track 78. The interferometric SAR (InSAR) measures the component of surface displacement in the line-of-sight (LOS) between the ground and the satellite, which is at an angle of about 30 degrees from the vertical up and to the east. Suggested Use: Unwrapped Interferogram (UNW): Red colors indicate increasing displacement towards the West, while the Blue areas indicate increasing displacement towards the East Across Track Displacement (RNG): Red colors indicate increasing displacement towards the West, while the Blue areas indicate increasing displacement towards the East Along Track Displacement (AZI): Red colors indicate increasing displacement towards the West, while the Blue areas indicate increasing displacement towards the East NOTE: Small vertical displacements have also occurred, but the primary surface displacements were in the horizontal plane. Satellite/Sensor: Copernicus Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 Resolution: Sentinel-1: 90 meters ALOS-2: 30 meters Credits: NASA-JPL/Caltech ARIA Team The Sentinel-1 data products contain modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2023), processed by the European Space Agency and analyzed at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 Data Products are provided by JAXA, facilitated by NASA and analyzed at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Service URL: https://gis.earthdata.nasa.gov/portal/home/item.html?id=bbcdefb8b11546f28e83bfa9cac87f9a WMS Endpoint: https://gis.earthdata.nasa.gov/portal/services/DISASTERS_202302_EARTHQUAKE_TURKIYE/2302_opera_surf_disp/ImageServer/WMSServer Data Download: Sentinel-1 UNW: https://aria-share.jpl.nasa.gov/20230206_Turkey_EQ/Displacements/Sentinel1/A014_20230209_20230221/ Sentinel 1 RNG & AZI: https://aria-share.jpl.nasa.gov/20230206_Turkey_EQ/Displacements/Sentinel1/A014_20230128_20230209/ ALOS-2: https://aria-share.jpl.nasa.gov/20230206_Turkey_EQ/Displacements/

NOTE: this is exercise data and not representative of real events. The original data is from the earthquake in Turkey February 2023. Date of Image: 5/21/2026 Summary: Scientists working with Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis (ARIA) team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and California Institute of Technology, both in Pasadena, California, created this displacement map with measurements of the surface displacements, in the radar line-of-sight, caused by the major earthquake in Turkiye. NOTE: The line-of-sight displacement (LOS) measurement is relative, and the dataset has not been calibrated to any ground location so there is a bias of the reference level, which is unknown. This data has not yet been validated. This displacement map should be used as guidance to identify areas of significant ground displacement, and may be less reliable over snow-covered and vegetated areas. SENTINEL-1: The map was derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images from the Copernicus Sentinel-1 satellites, operated by the European Space Agency (ESA). The team computed the interferometric difference (interferogram or interferometric SAR) between the post-event and pre-event images on the Sentinel-1 ascending (satellite moving north) track 14. The interferometric SAR (InSAR) measures the component of surface displacement in the line-of-sight (LOS) between the ground and the satellite, which is at an angle of about 40 degrees from the vertical and slightly south of due west. Suggested Use: Unwrapped Interferogram (WRP): Phase map showing relative ground deformation where each "fringe" or concentric pattern indicates a 20 cm of displacement along the line-of-sight of the satellite (LOS). The color pattern from the inside to the outside of fringe indicates the direction of the ground movement. If the ground move towards the satellite, the color variation goes from ROYGB (Red->Orange->Yellow->Green->Blue), whereas, BGYOR (Blue->Green->Yellow->Orange->Red) represents ground movement away from the satellite. The dataset has not been calibrated to any ground location so there is a bias of the reference level, which is unknown. This data has not yet been validated. This displacement map should be used as guidance to identify areas of significant ground displacement, and may be less reliable over snow-covered and vegetated areas. Across Track Displacement (RNG): Red colors indicate increasing displacement towards the West, while the Blue areas indicate increasing displacement towards the East Along Track Displacement (AZI): Red colors indicate increasing displacement towards the West, while the Blue areas indicate increasing displacement towards the East NOTE: Small vertical displacements have also occurred, but the primary surface displacements were in the horizontal plane. Satellite/Sensor: Copernicus Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 Resolution: Sentinel-1: 90 meters ALOS-2: 30 meters Credits: NASA-JPL/Caltech ARIA Team The Sentinel-1 data products contain modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2023), processed by the European Space Agency and analyzed at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 Data Products are provided by JAXA, facilitated by NASA and analyzed at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Service URL: See URL to the bottom right. WMS Endpoint: https://gis.earthdata.nasa.gov/portal/services/DISASTERS_EX2604_202605_FIRE_CA/ex2604_disp_s1/MapServer/WMSServer

Date of Image: Sentinel 1 UNW: 2/21/2023 Sentinel-1 RNG & AZI: 2/9/2023 JAXA ALOS-2 UNW, AZI & RNG: 2/8/2025 Summary: Scientists working with Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis (ARIA) team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and California Institute of Technology, both in Pasadena, California, created this displacement map with measurements of the surface displacements, in the radar line-of-sight, caused by the major earthquake in Turkiye. NOTE: The line-of-sight displacement (LOS) measurement is relative, and the dataset has not been calibrated to any ground location so there is a bias of the reference level, which is unknown. This data has not yet been validated. This displacement map should be used as guidance to identify areas of significant ground displacement, and may be less reliable over snow-covered and vegetated areas. SENTINEL-1: The map was derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images from the Copernicus Sentinel-1 satellites, operated by the European Space Agency (ESA). The team computed the interferometric difference (interferogram or interferometric SAR) between the post-event and pre-event images on the Sentinel-1 ascending (satellite moving north) track 14. The interferometric SAR (InSAR) measures the component of surface displacement in the line-of-sight (LOS) between the ground and the satellite, which is at an angle of about 40 degrees from the vertical and slightly south of due west. Sentinel 1 UNW: post-event image from 2/21, pre-event image from 2/9. Sentinel 1 RNG & AZI: post-event image from 2/9, pre-event image 1/28. JAXA ALOS-2: The maps were derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images from the ALOS-2 L-band operated by the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) ALOS-2 SAR satellite. The team computed the interferometric difference (interferogram or interferometric SAR) and pixel offset tracking between the post-event image acquired on February 8, 2023 with a pre-event image acquired on April 6, 2022, on the ALOS-2 descending (satellite moving south) track 78. The interferometric SAR (InSAR) measures the component of surface displacement in the line-of-sight (LOS) between the ground and the satellite, which is at an angle of about 30 degrees from the vertical up and to the east. Suggested Use: Unwrapped Interferogram (UNW): Red colors indicate increasing displacement towards the West, while the Blue areas indicate increasing displacement towards the East Across Track Displacement (RNG): Red colors indicate increasing displacement towards the West, while the Blue areas indicate increasing displacement towards the East Along Track Displacement (AZI): Red colors indicate increasing displacement towards the West, while the Blue areas indicate increasing displacement towards the East NOTE: Small vertical displacements have also occurred, but the primary surface displacements were in the horizontal plane. Satellite/Sensor: Copernicus Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 Resolution: Sentinel-1: 90 meters ALOS-2: 30 meters Credits: NASA-JPL/Caltech ARIA Team The Sentinel-1 data products contain modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2023), processed by the European Space Agency and analyzed at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 Data Products are provided by JAXA, facilitated by NASA and analyzed at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Service URL: WMS Endpoint: Data Download: Sentinel-1 UNW: https://aria-share.jpl.nasa.gov/20230206_Turkey_EQ/Displacements/Sentinel1/A014_20230209_20230221/ Sentinel 1 RNG & AZI: https://aria-share.jpl.nasa.gov/20230206_Turkey_EQ/Displacements/Sentinel1/A014_20230128_20230209/ ALOS-2: https://aria-share.jpl.nasa.gov/20230206_Turkey_EQ/Displacements/

Dates of Images: Post-Event: 06/25/2026 Pre-Event: 04/07/2026-06/13/2026 (8 images total) Summary: The NASA GSFC landslides team produced this landslide proxy heatmap from Sentinel-1 imagery. Potential landslides were detected by calculating the change in the backscatter coefficient before and after the triggering event using the log ratio approach (Iratio). The Iratio is generated by subtracting median pre- and post-event Radiometrically Terrain Corrected (RTC) gamma0 backscatter in decibel scale at 10 m resolution obtained from the Alaska Sar Facility’s Hybrid Pluggable Processing Pipeline (HyP3). This map should be used as a guide to identify areas likely affected by landslides. This is a rapid response product. We have not done any form of manual verification or corrections to remove false positives. The likely landslide pixels are identified using 99th percentile Iratio threshold considering areas greater than 10-degree in slope and not affected by radar shadow and layover effects. A heatmap is generated using identified landslide pixels for visualization ease. Pre-event imagery = median imagery generated using images from 04/07/2026-06/13/2026 (8 images total) Post-event imagery = 06/25/2026 Suggested Use: The red and yellow areas indicate potential zones of dense landsliding. False positives related to natural and human-made ground surface change, including but not limited to deformation from mining, construction, deforestation, agriculture, flooding, snow cover, and changes in reservoir water levels can also be within the red and yellow areas. Satellite/Sensor/Resolution: Synthetic Aperture Radar on European Space Agency's (ESA) Copernicus Sentinel-1 satellite, 10 meters Credits: NASA GSFC landslides team, Copernicus Sentinel-1 data Citation: Handwerger AL, Huang M-H, Jones SY, Amatya P, Kerner HR, Kirschbaum DB. 2022. Generating landslide density heatmaps for rapid detection using open-access satellite radar data in Google Earth Engine. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Copernicus Publications, 22(3): 753–773. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-753-2022. Esri REST Endpoint: See URL to the right. WMS Endpoint: https://gis.earthdata.nasa.gov/portal/services/DISASTERS_202606_EARTHQUAKE_VENEZUELA/202611_sentinel1_landslide_heatmap/ImageServer/WMSServer

Note: users may need to zoom into the area of interest to more clearly see the data as it is high resolution. The areas of coverage include west of Caracas. Dates of Images: Post-Event: 6/25/2026 Summary: Legion is a high-resolution satellite constellation operated by Vantor and allows for multiple viewing opportunities of any location on Earth daily. Legion collects 8-band imagery which allows for multiple derived products to be produced. The True Color RGB composite provides a product of how the surface would look to the naked eye from space. The RGB is created using the red, green, and blue channels of the respective instrument. Resolution: ~0.4 m Credits: NASA Disasters Program, Processing from MSFC, Vantor. For derived products: “Includes copyrighted material of Vantor. All rights reserved.” This work utilized data made available through the NASA Commercial Satellite Data Acquisition (CSDA) program. REST Endpoint: See URL Section on right side of page WMS Endpoint: https://gis.earthdata.nasa.gov/portal/services/DISASTERS_202606_EARTHQUAKE_VENEZUELA/202611_VANTOR_CARACAS/ImageServer/WMSServer