ARIA Line of Sight Surface Displacement Maps (Copernicus Sentinel-1 & JAXA ALOS-2) for the Türkiye Earthquakes, February 2023

Date of Image: Sentinel 1 UNW: 2/21/2023 Sentinel-1 RNG & AZI: 2/9/2023 JAXA ALOS-2 UNW, AZI & RNG: 2/8/2025 Summary: Scientists working with Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis (ARIA) team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and California Institute of Technology, both in Pasadena, California, created this displacement map with measurements of the surface displacements, in the radar line-of-sight, caused by the major earthquake in Turkiye. NOTE: The line-of-sight displacement (LOS) measurement is relative, and the dataset has not been calibrated to any ground location so there is a bias of the reference level, which is unknown. This data has not yet been validated. This displacement map should be used as guidance to identify areas of significant ground displacement, and may be less reliable over snow-covered and vegetated areas. SENTINEL-1: The map was derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images from the Copernicus Sentinel-1 satellites, operated by the European Space Agency (ESA). The team computed the interferometric difference (interferogram or interferometric SAR) between the post-event and pre-event images on the Sentinel-1 ascending (satellite moving north) track 14. The interferometric SAR (InSAR) measures the component of surface displacement in the line-of-sight (LOS) between the ground and the satellite, which is at an angle of about 40 degrees from the vertical and slightly south of due west. Sentinel 1 UNW: post-event image from 2/21, pre-event image from 2/9. Sentinel 1 RNG & AZI: post-event image from 2/9, pre-event image 1/28. JAXA ALOS-2: The maps were derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images from the ALOS-2 L-band operated by the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) ALOS-2 SAR satellite. The team computed the interferometric difference (interferogram or interferometric SAR) and pixel offset tracking between the post-event image acquired on February 8, 2023 with a pre-event image acquired on April 6, 2022, on the ALOS-2 descending (satellite moving south) track 78. The interferometric SAR (InSAR) measures the component of surface displacement in the line-of-sight (LOS) between the ground and the satellite, which is at an angle of about 30 degrees from the vertical up and to the east. Suggested Use: Unwrapped Interferogram (UNW): Red colors indicate increasing displacement towards the West, while the Blue areas indicate increasing displacement towards the East Across Track Displacement (RNG): Red colors indicate increasing displacement towards the West, while the Blue areas indicate increasing displacement towards the East Along Track Displacement (AZI): Red colors indicate increasing displacement towards the West, while the Blue areas indicate increasing displacement towards the East NOTE: Small vertical displacements have also occurred, but the primary surface displacements were in the horizontal plane. Satellite/Sensor: Copernicus Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 Resolution: Sentinel-1: 90 meters ALOS-2: 30 meters Credits: NASA-JPL/Caltech ARIA Team The Sentinel-1 data products contain modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2023), processed by the European Space Agency and analyzed at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 Data Products are provided by JAXA, facilitated by NASA and analyzed at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Service URL: WMS Endpoint: Data Download: Sentinel-1 UNW: https://aria-share.jpl.nasa.gov/20230206_Turkey_EQ/Displacements/Sentinel1/A014_20230209_20230221/ Sentinel 1 RNG & AZI: https://aria-share.jpl.nasa.gov/20230206_Turkey_EQ/Displacements/Sentinel1/A014_20230128_20230209/ ALOS-2: https://aria-share.jpl.nasa.gov/20230206_Turkey_EQ/Displacements/

NOTE: this is exercise data and not representative of real events. The original data is from the earthquake in Turkey February 2023. Date of Image: 5/21/2026 Summary: Scientists working with Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis (ARIA) team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and California Institute of Technology, both in Pasadena, California, created this displacement map with measurements of the surface displacements, in the radar line-of-sight, caused by the major earthquake in Turkiye. NOTE: The line-of-sight displacement (LOS) measurement is relative, and the dataset has not been calibrated to any ground location so there is a bias of the reference level, which is unknown. This data has not yet been validated. This displacement map should be used as guidance to identify areas of significant ground displacement, and may be less reliable over snow-covered and vegetated areas. SENTINEL-1: The map was derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images from the Copernicus Sentinel-1 satellites, operated by the European Space Agency (ESA). The team computed the interferometric difference (interferogram or interferometric SAR) between the post-event and pre-event images on the Sentinel-1 ascending (satellite moving north) track 14. The interferometric SAR (InSAR) measures the component of surface displacement in the line-of-sight (LOS) between the ground and the satellite, which is at an angle of about 40 degrees from the vertical and slightly south of due west. Suggested Use: Unwrapped Interferogram (WRP): Phase map showing relative ground deformation where each "fringe" or concentric pattern indicates a 20 cm of displacement along the line-of-sight of the satellite (LOS). The color pattern from the inside to the outside of fringe indicates the direction of the ground movement. If the ground move towards the satellite, the color variation goes from ROYGB (Red->Orange->Yellow->Green->Blue), whereas, BGYOR (Blue->Green->Yellow->Orange->Red) represents ground movement away from the satellite. The dataset has not been calibrated to any ground location so there is a bias of the reference level, which is unknown. This data has not yet been validated. This displacement map should be used as guidance to identify areas of significant ground displacement, and may be less reliable over snow-covered and vegetated areas. Across Track Displacement (RNG): Red colors indicate increasing displacement towards the West, while the Blue areas indicate increasing displacement towards the East Along Track Displacement (AZI): Red colors indicate increasing displacement towards the West, while the Blue areas indicate increasing displacement towards the East NOTE: Small vertical displacements have also occurred, but the primary surface displacements were in the horizontal plane. Satellite/Sensor: Copernicus Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 Resolution: Sentinel-1: 90 meters ALOS-2: 30 meters Credits: NASA-JPL/Caltech ARIA Team The Sentinel-1 data products contain modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2023), processed by the European Space Agency and analyzed at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 Data Products are provided by JAXA, facilitated by NASA and analyzed at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Service URL: See URL to the bottom right. WMS Endpoint: https://gis.earthdata.nasa.gov/portal/services/DISASTERS_EX2604_202605_FIRE_CA/ex2604_disp_s1/MapServer/WMSServer

Date of Image: 2/8/2023, 2/9/2023, 2/10/2023 Date of Next Image: Unknown Summary: 2/8/2023 (EOS-RS, JAXA ALOS-2) The Earth Observatory of Singapore - Remote Sensing Lab (EOS-RS) created this preliminary Damage Proxy Map (DPM) depicting areas that are likely damaged in Turkiye (Turkey) and Syria due to the M7.8 and M7.5 earthquakes that occurred on 6 Feb 2023. This map was derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images acquired by the ALOS-2 satellite operated by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) before (7 Apr 2021 and 6 Apr 2022) and after (8 Feb 2023) the event. 2/9/2023 (EOS-RS, Copernicus Sentinel-1) The Earth Observatory of Singapore - Remote Sensing Lab (EOS-RS) created this preliminary Damage Proxy Map (DPM) depicting areas that are likely damaged in Turkiye (Turkey) and Syria due to the M7.8 and M7.5 earthquakes that occurred on 6 Feb 2023. This map was derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images acquired by the Copernicus Sentinel-1 satellite operated by the European Space Agency (ESA) before (12 Oct 2022 to 28 Jan 2023) and after (9 Feb 2023) the event. 2/10/2023 (EOS-RS, Copernicus Sentinel-1) The Earth Observatory of Singapore - Remote Sensing Lab (EOS-RS) created this preliminary Damage Proxy Map (DPM) depicting areas that are likely damaged in Turkiye (Turkey) and Syria due to the M7.8 and M7.5 earthquakes that occurred on 6 Feb 2023. This map was derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images acquired by the Copernicus Sentinel-1 satellite operated by the European Space Agency (ESA) before (13 Oct 2022 to 29 Jan 2023) and after (10 Feb 2023) the event. Suggested Use: Standard Version: The color variation from pale yellow to red indicates increasingly more significant surface change (drop in radar reflection coherence). Preliminary validation was done by comparing with high-resolution optical imagery and media reports. Color Vision Deficiency (CVD) Version: The color variation from light blue to dark blue indicates increasingly more significant surface change. Preliminary validation was done by comparing with high-resolution optical imagery and media reports. NOTE: This damage proxy map could be used as a guidance to identify damaged areas, and may be less reliable over vegetated areas. The time intervals between the ALOS-2 acquisitions are up to a year apart, so the accuracy of the DPM may be lower in areas of vegetation, such as in the mountains. Scattered pixels over vegetated areas may be false positives, and a lack of colored pixels over vegetated areas may not mean no damage. Satellite/Sensor: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 Copernicus Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Resolution: 30 meters Credits: Original data ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 Product - JAXA (2021-2023). Data were provided by Sentinel Asia and analyzed by the Earth Observatory of Singapore - Remote Sensing Lab (EOS-RS) in collaboration with NASA-JPL and Caltech. The product contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2022-2023), processed by ESA and analyzed by the Earth Observatory of Singapore - Remote Sensing Lab (EOS-RS) in collaboration with NASA-JPL and Caltech, using the Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis (ARIA) system originally developed at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, and modified at EOS-RS. Service URL: https://gis.earthdata.nasa.gov/portal/home/item.html?id=9d7145c545c6407680b368601b9a611e WMS Endpoint: https://gis.earthdata.nasa.gov/portal/services/DISASTERS_202302_EARTHQUAKE_TURKIYE/2302_opera_rs_dpm/ImageServer/WMSServer Data Download: http://eos-rs-products.earthobservatory.sg/EOS-RS_202302_Turkiye_Syria_Earthquake/

Date of Image: 2/10/2023 Date of Next Image: Unknown Summary: 2/10/2023 (ARIA, Copernicus Sentinel-1) The Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis (ARIA) team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and California Institute of Technology in Southern California created this Damage Proxy Map (DPM) depicting areas that are likely damaged by the large earthquakes (Feb. 06, 2023) in Turkiye (Turkey) and Syria. The map was derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images on Feb. 10, 2023 by the Copernicus Sentinel-1 satellites operated by the European Space Agency (ESA). The pre-event images were taken from Sep. 19, 2022 to Jan. 29, 2022). Suggested Use: Standard Version: The color variation from pale yellow to red indicates increasingly more significant surface change (drop in radar reflection coherence). Preliminary validation was done by comparing with high-resolution optical imagery and media reports. NOTE: This damage proxy map could be used as a guidance to identify damaged areas, and may be less reliable over vegetated and mountainous areas. Scattered pixels over vegetated areas may be false positives, and a lack of colored pixels over vegetated areas may not mean no damage. Satellite/Sensor: Copernicus Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Resolution: 30 meters Credits: Sentinel-1 data were accessed through the Copernicus Open Hub and the Alaska Satellite Facility server. The product contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2022-2023), processed by ESA and analyzed by the NASA-JPL/Caltech ARIA team in collaboration with Earth Observatory of Singapore - Remote Sensing Lab (EOS-RS). Part of the funding was provided by NASA's Earth Applied Sciences Disasters Program. Service URL: https://gis.earthdata.nasa.gov/portal/home/item.html?id=4e684f9ad7e74e5d991cb011ca0d07ad WMS Endpoint: https://gis.earthdata.nasa.gov/portal/services/DISASTERS_202302_EARTHQUAKE_TURKIYE/2302_opera_dpm/ImageServer/WMSServer Data Download: https://aria-share.jpl.nasa.gov/20230206_Turkey_EQ/DPM/

Dates of Image: 3 Pairs: 6/13/2026, 6/25/2026 6/17/2026, 6/29/2026 6/18/2026, 6/30/2026 Date of Next Image: Unknown Summary: Scientists working with Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis (ARIA) team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and California Institute of Technology, both in Pasadena, California, created this displacement map with measurements of the surface displacements, in the radar line-of-sight, caused by the recent major earthquake in Northern Venezuela (6/24/2026). The map was derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images from the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) satellite. The team computed the interferometric difference (interferogram or interferometric SAR) between the post-event image acquired on 6/25/2026 a pre-event image acquired on 6/13/2026. The interferometric SAR (InSAR) measures the component of surface displacement in the line-of-sight (LOS) between the ground and the satellite, which is at an angle of about 40 degrees from the vertical and slightly south of due west. NOTE: The line-of-sight displacement (LOS) measurement is relative, and the dataset has not been calibrated to any ground location so there is a bias of the reference level, which is unknown. This data has not yet been validated. This displacement map should be used as guidance to identify areas of significant ground displacement, and may be less reliable over snow-covered and vegetated areas. Suggested Use: Unwrapped Interferogram (UNW): Red colors indicate increasing displacement towards the West, while the Blue areas indicate increasing displacement towards the East NOTE: Small vertical displacements have also occurred, but the primary surface displacements were in the horizontal plane. Satellite/Sensor: NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) Resolution: 30 meters Credits: NASA-JPL/Caltech Team, NISAR Operations Science Team Esri REST Endpoint: https://gis.earthdata.nasa.gov/portal/rest/services/DISASTERS_202606_EARTHQUAKE_VENEZUELA/202611_nisar_LOSDisplacement/ImageServer WMS Endpoint: https://gis.earthdata.nasa.gov/portal/services/DISASTERS_202606_EARTHQUAKE_VENEZUELA/202611_nisar_LOSDisplacement/ImageServer/WMSServer

Displacement maps from Sentinel-1 ascending track 033, acquired on 2026/06/25 Dates of Images: June 24, 2026; June 25, 2026 Summary: EARTHQUAKE OVERVIEW (Source: USGS): On June 24, 2026, northwestern and central Venezuela was struck by two large strike-slip earthquakes occurring just 39 seconds apart: Foreshock: Magnitude 7.2 at 22:04:33 (UTC), located 23 km SE of Yumare, Venezuela Mainshock: Magnitude 7.5 at 22:05:11 (UTC), located 28 km SE of Yumare, Venezuela (10.435°N, 68.472°W) Scientists working with the Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis (ARIA) team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and California Institute of Technology, both in Pasadena, California, created these displacement maps with measurements of surface displacements caused by the earthquake sequence. The maps were derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images from the Copernicus Sentinel-1 satellites, operated by the European Space Agency (ESA). The team computed the phase difference between a post-event image acquired on June 25, 2026 (reference scene) with a pre-event image acquired on June 18, 2026 (secondary scene), on Sentinel-1 ascending (satellite moving north) track 033. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) measures ground movement toward or away from the satellite. Sentinel-1 views the ground from the side at about 40° from vertical. On ascending passes, it travels slightly west of north (heading ≈ 348° or −12°) and looks to the east. On descending passes, it travels slightly southwest (heading ≈ 192°) and looks to the west. The full dataset covers an area centered on the earthquake epicenter. Each pixel measures approximately 30 meters across. Suggested Use: Line-of-Sight Displacement (Venezuela_S1_A033_20260618_20260625_UNW.tif): Unwrapped phase data converted to metric displacement along the radar line-of-sight. Positive values (blue) indicate ground movement towards from the satellite (uplift and/or westward motion), while negative values (red) indicate movement away from the satellite (subsidence and/or eastward motion). Units: meters. The dataset has been re-referenced to a stable point at coordinates (-68.5435°, 10.9696°). Areas of low coherence and water bodies have been masked. Wrapped Phase (Venezuela_S1_A033_20260618_20260625_WRP.tif): Wrapped phase map showing relative ground deformation where each "fringe" or complete color cycle represents approximately 2.8 cm of displacement along the line-of-sight (half the Sentinel-1 C-band wavelength of 5.56 cm). The color progression from (outward to inward) red, orange, yellow, green, and blue indicates ground is moving away from the satellite, blue, green,yellow, orange, and red means ground is moving towards the satellite. This visualization is useful for identifying the spatial pattern and magnitude of deformation. Range Offset (Venezuela_S1_A033_20260618_20260625_RNG.tif): Across-track (range direction) pixel offsets measured through amplitude cross-correlation. This represents ground displacement perpendicular to the satellite flight path, predominantly capturing east-west motion. Positive values (blue) indicate westward movement, negative values (red) indicate eastward movement. Units: meters. Water bodies and areas outside the valid data frame have been masked. Interferometric Coherence (Venezuela_S1_A033_20260618_20260625_COH.tif): Measures the similarity of the radar phase between the two SAR acquisitions, indicating the reliability of the interferometric phase used to estimate ground displacement. Values range from 0 (decorrelated, unreliable) to 1 (highly correlated, reliable). Data Sources and Satellite Specifications: Water masking: ESA World Cover 2021 land cover dataset was used to mask permanent water bodies Orbit direction: Ascending (A) - satellite moving north Track number: 033 Wavelength: 5.56 cm (C-band) Spatial resolution: 30 meters Reference point: -68.5435°E, 10.9696°N Temporal baseline: 7 days (June 18-25, 2026) Caveats: The InSAR ground displacement results posted here are preliminary results, primarily intended to aid field response and provide rapid assessment of earthquake-induced surface deformation. These preliminary products may or may not be suitable for detailed scientific analysis without further validation. This displacement map should be used as guidance to identify areas of significant ground displacement, and may be less reliable over snow-covered and vegetated areas, steep terrain, or regions that experienced surface changes between acquisitions. The Sentinel-1 data products contain modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2026), processed by the European Space Agency and analyzed at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. For more information about ARIA, visit: http://aria.jpl.nasa.gov Credits: Sentinel-1 data were accessed through the Copernicus Open Hub and the Alaska Satellite Facility server. The product contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2026), processed by the European Space Agency and analyzed by the NASA-JPL/Caltech ARIA and OPERA team. The products are produced as part of the OPERA project, which is funded by NASA to address remote sensing needs identified by the Satellite Needs Working Group, and managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Grace Bato, Cole Speed, Eric Fielding Esri REST Endpoint: See URL to the right